संशोधन 3
अंतिम अद्यतन: 24 जून, 2013
कॉपीराइट © 2012, Google Inc. सभी अधिकार सुरक्षित।
संगतता@android.com
विषयसूची
1 परिचय
2. संसाधन
3. सॉफ्टवेयर
3.1। मैन एज्ड एपीआई संगतता
3 .2। सॉफ्ट एपीआई संगतता
3.2.1। अनुमतियां
3 .2.2। बिल्ड पैरामीटर rs
3 .2.3। इरादा संगतता
3.2.3.1। कोर एप्लीकेशन एन इंटेंट्स
3 .2.3.2। इरादा ओवरराइड
3 .2.3.3। आशय नामस्थान
3 .2.3.4। प्रसारण इरादे
3.3। मूल एपीआई संगतता
3.3.1 एप्लीकेशन बाइनरी इंटरफेसेस
3.4। वेब संगतता
3.4.1। वेबव्यू संगतता
3.4.2। ब्राउज़र संगतता
3.5। एपीआई व्यवहारिक संगतता
3.6। एपीआई नामस्थान
3.7। वर्चुअल मशीन संगतता
3 .8। यूजर इंटरफेस कॉम्प एबिलिटी
3.8.1। विजेट
3.8.2। सूचनाएं
3 .8.3। खोज
3 .8.4। टोस्ट
3 .8.5। विषयों
3 .8.6। लाइव वाल पेपर्स
3 .8.7। हाल ही में आवेदन आवेदन प्रदर्शन
3 .8.8। इनपुट प्रबंधन सेटिंग्स
3 .8.9। लॉक स्क्रीन रिमोट कंट्रोल
3.9 डी डिवाइस प्रशासन
3.10 अभिगम्यता
3 .11 टेक्स्ट-टू-स्पीच
4. आवेदन पैकेजिंग संगतता
5. मल्टीमीडिया संगतता
5.1। मीडिया कोडेक्स
5.2। वीडियो एन्कोडिंग
5.3। ऑडियो रिकॉर्डिंग
5.4। ऑडियो विलंबता
5 .5। नेटवर्क प्रोटोकॉल
6. डेवलपर टूल कम्पैटिबी लाइट
7. हार्डवेयर संगतता
7 .1। प्रदर्शन और ग्राफिक्स
7.1.1। स्क्रीन कॉन्फ़िगरेशन चालू
7.1.2। मीट्रिक सीएस प्रदर्शित करें
7.1.3। स्क्रीन ओरिएंटेशन एन
7 .1.4। 2डी और 3डी ग्राफिक्स त्वरण
7 .1.5। लीगेसी एप्लिकेशन संगतता मोड
7 .1.6। स्क्रीन प्रकार
7 .1.7। स्क्रीन प्रौद्योगिकी
7.2। उपकरणों में
7 .2.1। कीबोर्ड
7 .2.2। गैर-स्पर्श नेविगेशन
7.2.3। नेविगेशन कुंजियाँ
7.2.4। टचस्क्रीन इनपुट
7.2.5। नकली स्पर्श इनपुट
7.2.6। माइक्रोफ़ोन
7.3। सेंसर
7 .3.1। accelerometer
7.3.1। accelerometer
7 .3.2। मैग्नेटोमीटर
7 .3.3। GPS
7 .3.4। जाइरोस्कोप
7 .3.5। बैरोमीटर
7 .3.6। थर्मामीटर
7 .3.7। दीप्तिमापी
7 .3.8। मौजूदगी पता लगाने वाला सेंसर
7 .4। डेटा कनेक्टिविटी
7.4.1। टेलीफ़ोनी
7.4.2। आईईईई 802.11 (वाईफ़ाई)
7.4.2.1। Wi-Fi डायरेक्ट
7.4.3। ब्लूटूथ
7.4.4। निकट-क्षेत्र संचार
7 .4.5। न्यूनतम नेटवर्क क्षमता
7.5। सी एमरस
7.5.1। रियर -फेसिंग कैमरा
7 .5.2। सामने की ओर मुख किया हुआ कैमरा
7 .5.3। कैमरा एपीआई व्यवहार
7 .5.4। कैमरा ओरिएंटेशन
7.6। मेमोरी और स्टोरेज
7.6.1। न्यूनतम स्मृति और भंडारण
7 .6.2। एप्लिकेशन साझा संग्रहण
7.7। यू एसबी
8. प्रदर्शन अनुकूलता
9. सुरक्षा मॉडल संगतता
9.1। अनुमतियां
9 .2। यूआईडी और प्रक्रिया एसएस अलगाव
9 .3। फ़ाइल सिस्टम अनुमतियाँ
9.4। वैकल्पिक निष्पादन वातावरण
10. सॉफ्टवेयर संगतता परीक्षण
10.1। संगतता परीक्षण सूट
10.2। सीटीएस सत्यापनकर्ता
10.3। संदर्भ अनुप्रयोग
11. यू डाटाटेबल सॉफ्टवेयर
12. सी हमसे संपर्क करें
परिशिष्ट ए - ब्लूटूथ टेस्ट टी प्रक्रिया
1 परिचय
यह दस्तावेज़ उन आवश्यकताओं की गणना करता है जिन्हें उपकरणों के लिए पूरा किया जाना चाहिए
Android 4.1 के साथ संगत हो।
"होना चाहिए", "नहीं होना चाहिए", "आवश्यक", "शाल", "शाल नहीं", "चाहिए", "नहीं होना चाहिए" का उपयोग
"अनुशंसित", "हो सकता है" और "वैकल्पिक" RFC2119 में परिभाषित IETF मानक के अनुसार है
[ संसाधन, 1]।
जैसा कि इस दस्तावेज़ में उपयोग किया गया है, एक "उपकरण कार्यान्वयनकर्ता" या "कार्यान्वयनकर्ता" एक व्यक्ति या है
Android 4.1 चलाने वाला एक हार्डवेयर/सॉफ़्टवेयर समाधान विकसित करने वाला संगठन। डिवाइस
कार्यान्वयन" या "कार्यान्वयन" इतना विकसित हार्डवेयर/सॉफ्टवेयर समाधान है।
Android 4.1 के साथ संगत माने जाने के लिए, डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन को पूरा करना होगा
इस संगतता परिभाषा में प्रस्तुत की गई आवश्यकताएं, किसी भी दस्तावेज़ सहित
संदर्भ के माध्यम से शामिल किया गया।
जहां यह परिभाषा या धारा 10 में वर्णित सॉफ्टवेयर परीक्षण मौन है,
अस्पष्ट, या अधूरा, यह सुनिश्चित करने के लिए उपकरण कार्यान्वयनकर्ता की जिम्मेदारी है
मौजूदा कार्यान्वयन के साथ संगतता।
इस कारण से, Android ओपन सोर्स प्रोजेक्ट [संसाधन, 3] दोनों संदर्भ हैं
और Android का पसंदीदा कार्यान्वयन। डिवाइस इम्प्लांटर्स बहुत मजबूत हैं
पर उनके कार्यान्वयन को सबसे बड़ी हद तक आधारित करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया जाता है
"अपस्ट्रीम" स्रोत कोड Android ओपन सोर्स प्रोजेक्ट से उपलब्ध है। हालांकि कुछ
घटकों को काल्पनिक y वैकल्पिक कार्यान्वयन के साथ प्रतिस्थापित किया जा सकता है
अभ्यास को दृढ़ता से हतोत्साहित किया जाता है, क्योंकि सॉफ्टवेयर टेस्ट पास करना बन जाएगा
पर्याप्त और अधिक कठिन। पूर्ण व्यवहार सुनिश्चित करना कार्यान्वयनकर्ता की जिम्मेदारी है
सहित और परे मानक Android कार्यान्वयन के साथ संगतता
संगतता परीक्षण सूट। अंतिम वाई, ध्यान दें कि कुछ घटक प्रतिस्थापन और
इस दस्तावेज़ द्वारा संशोधनों को स्पष्ट रूप से प्रतिबंधित किया गया है।
2. संसाधन
1. IETF RFC2119 आवश्यकता स्तर: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt
2. Android संगतता कार्यक्रम अवलोकन:
http://source.android.com/compatibility/i ndex.html
3. Android ओपन सोर्स प्रोजेक्ट: http://source.android.com/
4. एपीआई परिभाषाएं और दस्तावेज:
http://developer.android.com/refe ence/packages.html
5. Android अनुमतियाँ संदर्भ:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.p ermission.html
6. android.os.बिल्ड संदर्भ:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build.html
7. Android 4.1 बकाया संस्करण तार:
http://source.android.com/compatibility/4.1/versions.html
8. रेंडरस्क्रिप्ट:
http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/graphics/rendersc ript.html
9. हार्डवेयर त्वरण:
http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/graphics/hardware-accel.html
10. android.webkit.WebView वर्ग:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/webkit/WebView.html
11. HTML5: http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/
12. HTML5 ऑफ़लाइन क्षमताएं: http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/Overview.html#offline
13. HTML5 वीडियो टैग: http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/Overview.html#video
14. HTML5/ W3C जियोलोकेशन एपीआई: http://www.w3.org/TR/geolocation-API/
15. HTML5/W3C वेबडेटाबेस A PI: http://www.w3.org/TR/webdatabase/
16. HTML5/W3C इंडेक्स dDB एपीआई: http://www.w3.org/TR/IndexedDB/
17. Dalvik वर्चुअल मशीन की विशिष्टताएँ : Android स्रोत कोड में उपलब्ध है
दल्विक/डॉक्स
18. ऐपविड्ज:
http://developer.android.com/guide/practices/ui_guidelines/widget_design.html
19. सूचनाएं:
http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/notifiers/notifications.html
20. एप्लिकेशन संसाधन: http://code.google.com/android/reference/उपलब्ध-
संसाधन.html
21. स्टेटस बार आइकन स्टाइल गाइड:
http://developer.android.com/guide/practices/ui_guidelines/icon_design_status_b ar.html
22. खोज प्रबंधक:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/SearchManager.html
23. टोस्ट: http://developer.android.com/reference/android/widget/Toast.html
24. विषय-वस्तु: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/themes.html
25. आर.स्टाइल क्लास: एच टीटीपी://developer.android.com/reference/android/R.style.html
26. लाइव वॉल पेपर्स: http://developer.android.com/resources/articles/live-
वाल पेपर्स.html
27. Android डिवाइस व्यवस्थापन:
http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/admin/device-admin.html
28. android.app.admin.DevicePolicyManager वर्ग:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html
29. एंड्रॉइड एक्सेसिबिलिटी सर्विस एपीआई:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/accessibilityservice/package-
सारांश.html
30. एंड्रॉइड एक्सेसिबिलिटी एपीआई:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/accessibility/package-
सारांश.html
31. आई फ्री प्रोजेक्ट: http://code.google.com/p/eyes-free
32. टेक्स्ट-टू-स्पीच एपीआई :
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/speech/tts/package-
सारांश.html
33. संदर्भ उपकरण प्रलेखन (adb, aapt, ddms के लिए):
http://developer.android.com/guide/developing/tools/index.html
34. एंड्रॉइड एपीके फ़ाइल विवरण:
http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/fundamentals.html
35. मेनिफेस्ट फाइलें: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifes t/manifest-
मैं ntro.html
36. बंदर परीक्षण उपकरण:
https://developer.android.com/studio/test/other-testing-tools/monkey
37. Android android.content.pm.PackageManager वर्ग और हार्डवेयर F भोजन
सूची:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/pm/PackageManager.html
38. एकाधिक स्क्रीन का समर्थन:
http://developer.android.com/guide/practices/screens_support.html
39. android.util.DisplayMetrics:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/util/DisplayMetrics.html
40. android.content.res.Configuration:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/res/Configuration.htm l
41. android.hardware.SensorEvent:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/SensorEvent.html
42. ब्लूटूथ एपीआई:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/bluetooth/package-summary.html
43. एनडीईएफ पुश प्रोटोकॉल: http://source.android.com/compatibility/ndef-push-
प्रोटोकॉल.पीडीएफ
44. MIFARE MF1S503X: http://www.nxp.com/documents/data_sheet/MF1S503x.p df
45. MIFARE MF1S703X: http://www.nxp.com/documents/data_sheet/MF1S703x.p df
46. MIFARE MF0ICU1 : http://www.nxp.com/documents/data_sheet/MF0ICU1.pdf
47. मीफेयर एमएफ0आईसीयू2:
http://www.nxp.com/d दस्तावेज़/short_data_sheet/MF0ICU2_SDS.pdf
48. मीफेयर एएन130511:
http://www.nxp.com/documents/application_note/AN130511.pdf
49. मीफेयर एएन130411:
http://www.nxp.com/documents/application_note/AN130411.pdf
50. कैमरा ओरिएंटेशन एपीआई:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/Camera.html#setDisplayOrientation(int)
51. android.hardware.Camera:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/Camera.html
52. एंड्रॉइड ओपन एक्सेसरीज:
http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/usb/accessory.html
53. यूएसबी होस्ट एपीआई: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/usb/host.html
54. Android सुरक्षा और अनुमतियाँ संदर्भ:
http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/security/security.html
55. एंड्रॉइड के लिए ऐप्स : http://code.google.com/p/apps-for-android
56. android.app.DownloadManager वर्ग:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/DownloadMana ger.html
57. एंड्रॉइड फाइल ट्रांसफर आर: http://www.android.com/filetransfer
58. एंड्रॉइड मीडिया प्रारूप: http://developer.android.com/guide/appendix/media-
च ormats.html
59. एचटीटीपी लाइव स्ट्रीमिंग डी राफ्ट प्रोटोकॉल: http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-
ली वी-स्ट्रीमिंग -03
60. एनएफसी कनेक्शन हैंडओवर: http://www.nfc-
forum.org/specs/spec_list/#conn_handover
61. एनएफसी का उपयोग करके ब्लूटूथ सिक्योर सिंपल पेयरिंग: http://www.nfc-
forum.org/resources/AppDocs/NFCForum_AD_BTSSP_1_0.pdf
62. वाईफ़ाई मल्टीकास्ट एपीआई:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/wifi/WifiManager.MulticastLock.html
63. एक्शन असिस्ट:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Intent.html#ACTION_ASSIST
64. यूएसबी चार्जिंग विशिष्टता:
http://www.usb.org/developers/devclass_docs/USB_Battery_Charging_1.2.pdf
65. Android बीम: h ttp://developer.android.com/guide/topics/nfc/nfc.html
66. एंड्रॉइड यूएसबी ऑडियो:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/usb/UsbConstants.html#USB_CLASS_AUDIO
67. एंड्रॉइड एनएफसी शेयरिंग सेटिंग्स:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/provider/Settings.html#ACTION_NFCSHARING_SETTINGS
68. वाईफाई डायरेक्ट (वाईफाई पी2पी):
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/wifi/p2p/WifiP2pManager.html
69. मीडिया रिमोट कंट्रोल क्लाइंट:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/media/RemoteControlClient.html
70. मोशन इवेंट एपीआई:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/MotionEvent.html
71. टच इनपुट कॉन्फ़िगरेशन: http://source.android.com/tech/input/touch-
डिवाइस.html
इनमें से कई संसाधन प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से Android 4.1 SDK से प्राप्त किए गए हैं,
और उस SDK के दस्तावेज़ीकरण में दी गई जानकारी के समान कार्यात्मक होगा। किसी में
ऐसे मामले जहां यह संगतता परिभाषा या संगतता परीक्षण सूट से असहमत हैं
एसडीके प्रलेखन, एसडीके प्रलेखन को आधिकारिक माना जाता है। कोई
ऊपर शामिल संदर्भों में प्रदान किए गए तकनीकी विवरणों पर विचार किया जाता है
इस संगतता परिभाषा का हिस्सा बनने के लिए समावेशन।
3. सॉफ्टवेयर
3.1। प्रबंधित एपीआई संगतता
प्रबंधित (Dalvik-आधारित) निष्पादन वातावरण Android के लिए प्राथमिक वाहन है
अनुप्रयोग। एंड्रॉइड एप्लिकेशन प्रोग्रामिंग इंटरफेस (एपीआई) का सेट है
Android प्लेटफ़ॉर्म इंटरफ़ेस प्रबंधित VM में चल रहे ऐप्लिकेशन के संपर्क में है
वातावरण। डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन को पूर्ण कार्यान्वयन प्रदान करना चाहिए,
एंड्रॉइड द्वारा उजागर किए गए किसी भी दस्तावेज एपीआई के अल प्रलेखित व्यवहार सहित
4.1 एसडीके [संसाधन, 4]।
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन एम किसी भी प्रबंधित एपीआई को छोड़ना नहीं चाहिए, एपीआई इंटरफेस को बदलना चाहिए या
हस्ताक्षर, प्रलेखित व्यवहार से विचलित होते हैं, या नो-ऑप्स शामिल करते हैं, सिवाय इसके कि कहाँ
इस संगतता परिभाषा द्वारा विशिष्ट y सभी बकाया हैं।
यह संगतता परिभाषा कुछ प्रकार के हार्डवेयर की अनुमति देती है जिसके लिए Android
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन द्वारा छोड़े जाने वाले API शामिल हैं। ऐसे मामलों में, एपीआई जरूरी है
फिर भी मौजूद रहें और उचित तरीके से व्यवहार करें। विशिष्ट के लिए धारा 7 देखें
इस परिदृश्य के लिए आवश्यकताएँ।
3.2। सॉफ्ट एपीआई संगतता
धारा 3.1 से प्रबंधित API के अलावा, Android में एक महत्वपूर्ण
रनटाइम-ओनली "सॉफ्ट" एपीआई, इंटेंट, परमिशन और जैसी चीजों के रूप में
Android एप्लिकेशन के समान पहलू जिन्हें एप्लिकेशन संकलन पर लागू नहीं किया जा सकता है
समय।
3.2.1। अनुमतियां
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ताओं को अल अनुमति स्थिरांक का समर्थन करना चाहिए और उन्हें लागू करना चाहिए
अनुमति संदर्भ पृष्ठ [संसाधन, 5] द्वारा प्रलेखित। बता दें कि धारा 10
Android सुरक्षा मॉडल से संबंधित अतिरिक्त आवश्यकताओं को सूचीबद्ध करता है।
3.2.2। पैरामीटर बनाएं
Android APIs में android.os.Build वर्ग पर कई स्थिरांक शामिल हैं
[संसाधन, 6] जिनका उद्देश्य वर्तमान डिवाइस का वर्णन करना है। सुसंगत प्रदान करने के लिए,
उपकरण कार्यान्वयन में सार्थक मान, नीचे दी गई तालिका में अतिरिक्त शामिल हैं
इन मूल्यों के स्वरूपों पर प्रतिबंध जिसके लिए डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन जरूरी है
सी अनुरूप।
पैरामीटर
टिप्पणियाँ
मानव-पठनीय प्रारूप में वर्तमान में चल रहे Android सिस्टम का संस्करण। इस फ़ील्ड में एक होना चाहिए
android.os.Build.VERSION.RELEASE
[संसाधन, 7] में परिभाषित स्ट्रिंग मानों की।
वर्तमान में चल रहे Android सिस्टम का संस्करण, तीसरे पक्ष के एप्लिकेशन कोड के लिए सुलभ प्रारूप में।
android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK
Android 4.1 के लिए, इस फ़ील्ड का पूर्णांक मान 16 होना चाहिए।
वर्तमान में चल रहे Android सिस्टम का संस्करण, तीसरे पक्ष के एप्लिकेशन कोड के लिए सुलभ प्रारूप में।
android.os.Build.VERSION.SDK_INT
Android 4.1 के लिए, इस फ़ील्ड का पूर्णांक मान 16 होना चाहिए।
वर्तमान में चल रहे Android के विशिष्ट निर्माण को निर्दिष्ट करने वाले उपकरण कार्यान्वयनकर्ता द्वारा चुना गया मान
प्रणाली, मानव-पठनीय प्रारूप में। यह मान उपलब्ध कराए गए विभिन्न बिल्ड के लिए पुन: उपयोग नहीं किया जाना चाहिए
android.os.Build.VERSION.INCREMENTAL
आखिरी उपयोगकर्ता। इस क्षेत्र का एक विशिष्ट उपयोग यह इंगित करना है कि कौन सा बिल्ड नंबर या स्रोत-नियंत्रण परिवर्तन पहचानकर्ता था
निर्माण करने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है। इस क्षेत्र के विशिष्ट प्रारूप पर कोई आवश्यकता नहीं है, सिवाय इसके कि यह जरूरी है
नल या खाली स्ट्रिंग ("") नहीं होना चाहिए।
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ता द्वारा चुना गया मान डिवाइस द्वारा उपयोग किए जाने वाले विशिष्ट आंतरिक हार्डवेयर की पहचान करता है
मानव-पठनीय प्रारूप। इस क्षेत्र का एक संभावित उपयोग बोर्ड की शक्ति के विशिष्ट संशोधन को इंगित करना है
android.os.Build.BOARD
युक्ति। इस फ़ील्ड का मान 7-बिट ASCI के रूप में एनकोड करने योग्य होना चाहिए और रेगुलर एक्सप्रेशन से मेल खाना चाहिए
"^[a-zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$"।
कंपनी, संगठन, व्यक्ति, आदि के नाम की पहचान करने वाले उपकरण कार्यान्वयनकर्ता द्वारा चुना गया मान।
जिसने मानव-पठनीय प्रारूप में डिवाइस का निर्माण किया। इस क्षेत्र का एक संभावित उपयोग ओईएम को इंगित करना है
android.os.Build.BRAND
और/या वाहक जिसने उपकरण बेचा। इस फ़ील्ड का मान 7-बिट ASCI के रूप में एनकोडेबल होना चाहिए और इससे मेल खाना चाहिए
रेगुलर एक्सप्रेशन "^[a-zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$"।
देशी कोड के निर्देश सेट (सीपीयू प्रकार + एबीआई कन्वेंशन) का नाम। खंड 3.3 देखें: मूल एपीआई
android.os.Build.CPU_ABI
सह अनुकूलता।
नेटिव कोड के दूसरे इंस्ट्रक्शन सेट (सीपीयू टाइप + एबीआई कन्वेंशन) का नाम। धारा 3.3 देखें: मूलनिवासी
android.os.Build.CPU_ABI2
एपी मैं संगतता।
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ता द्वारा चुना गया एक वी मूल्य शरीर के विशिष्ट विन्यास या संशोधन की पहचान करता है
android.os.Build.DEVICE
(कभी-कभी कैल एड "औद्योगिक डिजाइन") डिवाइस का। इस क्षेत्र का मान 7-बिट के रूप में एनकोडेबल होना चाहिए
ASCI और रेगुलर एक्सप्रेशन "^[a-zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$" का मिलान करें।
एक स्ट्रिंग जो विशिष्ट रूप से इस बिल्ड की पहचान करती है। यह उचित रूप से मानव-पठनीय होना चाहिए। इसका पालन करना होगा
साँचा:
$(ब्रांड)/$(उत्पाद)/$(डिवाइस):$(संस्करण रिलीज)/$(आईडी)/$(संस्करण.वृद्धिशील):$(प्रकार)/$(टैग)
उदाहरण के लिए:
android.os.build.फिंगरप्रिंट
acme/mydevice/generic:4.1/JRN53/3359:userdebug/test-keys
फ़िंगरप्रिंट में व्हाइटस्पेस वर्ण शामिल नहीं होने चाहिए। यदि उपरोक्त टेम्पलेट में शामिल अन्य क्षेत्रों में
व्हाइटस्पेस वर्ण, उन्हें बिल्ड फ़िंगरप्रिंट में किसी अन्य वर्ण के साथ प्रतिस्थापित किया जाना चाहिए, जैसे कि
अंडरस्कोर ("_") वर्ण। इस फ़ील्ड का मान 7-बिट ASCI के रूप में एनकोडेबल होना चाहिए।
हार्डवेयर का नाम (कर्नेल कमांड लाइन या / proc से)। यह यथोचित मानवीय होना चाहिए-
android.os.Build.Hardware
पठनीय। इस फ़ील्ड का मान 7-बिट ASCI के रूप में एन्कोड करने योग्य होना चाहिए और रेगुलर एक्सप्रेशन से मेल खाना चाहिए "^[a-
zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$"।
एक स्ट्रिंग जो विशिष्ट रूप से मानव पठनीय प्रारूप में उस होस्ट की पहचान करती है जिस पर बिल्ड बनाया गया था। यहाँ नहीं हैं
android.os.Build.HOST
इस क्षेत्र के विशिष्ट प्रारूप पर आवश्यकताएं, सिवाय इसके कि यह शून्य या खाली स्ट्रिंग ("") नहीं होना चाहिए।
मानव पठनीय प्रारूप में एक विशिष्ट रिलीज को संदर्भित करने के लिए डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ता द्वारा चुना गया एक पहचानकर्ता। यह
फ़ील्ड android.os.Build.VERSION.INCREMENTAL के समान हो सकता है, लेकिन पर्याप्त मान होना चाहिए
android.os.Build.ID
सॉफ्टवेयर बिल्ड के बीच अंतर करने के लिए अंतिम उपयोगकर्ताओं के लिए सार्थक। इस क्षेत्र का मान एनकोडेबल होना चाहिए
7-बिट ASCI के रूप में और रेगुलर एक्सप्रेशन "^[a-zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$" से मेल खाता है।
उत्पाद के मूल उपकरण निर्माता (OEM) का व्यापार नाम। पर कोई आवश्यकता नहीं है
android.os.Build.निर्माता
इस क्षेत्र का विशिष्ट प्रारूप, सिवाय इसके कि यह शून्य या खाली स्ट्रिंग ("") नहीं होना चाहिए।
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ता द्वारा चुना गया एक मान जिसमें डिवाइस का नाम होता है जैसा कि अंतिम उपयोगकर्ता के लिए जाना जाता है। यह
android.os.Build.MODEL
यह वही नाम होना चाहिए जिसके तहत डिवाइस का विपणन किया जाता है और अंतिम उपयोगकर्ताओं को बेचा जाता है। यहाँ नहीं हैं
इस क्षेत्र के विशिष्ट प्रारूप पर आवश्यकताएं, सिवाय इसके कि यह शून्य या खाली स्ट्रिंग ("") नहीं होना चाहिए।
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ता द्वारा चुना गया मान जिसमें उत्पाद का विकास नाम या कोड नाम होता है
android.os.build.PRODUCT
(एसकेयू)। मानव-पठनीय होना चाहिए, लेकिन अंतिम उपयोगकर्ताओं द्वारा देखने के लिए जरूरी नहीं है। इसका मूल्य
फ़ील्ड को 7-बिट ASCI के रूप में एन्कोड करने योग्य होना चाहिए और रेगुलर एक्सप्रेशन "^[a-zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$" से मेल खाना चाहिए।
एक हार्डवेयर सीरियल नंबर, यदि उपलब्ध हो। इस फ़ील्ड का मान 7-बिट ASCI के रूप में एनकोडेबल होना चाहिए और मेल खाना चाहिए
android.os.Build.SERIAL
रेगुलर एक्सप्रेशन "^([a-zA-Z0-9]{0,20})$"।
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ता द्वारा चुने गए टैग की अल्पविराम से अलग की गई सूची जो बिल्ड को और अलग करती है। के लिए
android.os.build.TAGS
उदाहरण, "अहस्ताक्षरित, डिबग"। इस फ़ील्ड का मान 7-बिट ASCI के रूप में एन्कोड करने योग्य होना चाहिए और नियमित रूप से मेल खाना चाहिए
अभिव्यक्ति "^[a-zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$"।
android.os.Build.TIME
निर्माण के समय के टाइमस्टैम्प का प्रतिनिधित्व करने वाला मान।
बिल्ड के रनटाइम कॉन्फ़िगरेशन को निर्दिष्ट करने वाले डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ता द्वारा चुना गया मान। यह क्षेत्र
तीन विशिष्ट एंड्रॉइड रनटाइम कॉन्फ़िगरेशन से संबंधित मानों में से एक होना चाहिए: "उपयोगकर्ता",
android.os.Build.TYPE
"यूजरडीबग", या "इंग्लैंड"। इस फ़ील्ड का मान 7-बिट ASCI के रूप में एन्कोड करने योग्य होना चाहिए और नियमित रूप से मेल खाना चाहिए
अभिव्यक्ति "^[a-zA-Z0-9.,_-]+$"।
उपयोगकर्ता (या स्वचालित उपयोगकर्ता) का एक नाम या उपयोगकर्ता आईडी जिसने बिल्ड बनाया है। पर कोई आवश्यकता नहीं है
android.os.Build.USER
इस क्षेत्र का विशिष्ट प्रारूप, सिवाय इसके कि यह शून्य या खाली स्ट्रिंग ("") नहीं होना चाहिए।
3.2.3। इरादा संगतता
डिवाइस के कार्यान्वयन को Android के लूज़-कपलिंग इंटेंट सिस्टम का सम्मान करना चाहिए, जैसा कि
नीचे अनुभागों में वर्णित है। "सम्मानित" से, इसका मतलब है कि उपकरण कार्यान्वयनकर्ता
एक ऐसी Android गतिविधि या सेवा प्रदान करनी होगी जो मेल खाने वाले इंटेंट फ़िल्टर और निर्दिष्ट करती हो
प्रत्येक निर्दिष्ट आशय पैटर्न के लिए सही व्यवहार को बांधता है और लागू करता है।
3.2.3.1। कोर आवेदन के इरादे
एंड्रॉइड अपस्ट्रीम प्रोजेक्ट कई मुख्य अनुप्रयोगों को परिभाषित करता है, जैसे संपर्क,
कैलेंडर, फोटो गैलरी, संगीत खिलाड़ी, और इसी तरह। डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ता प्रतिस्थापित कर सकते हैं
वैकल्पिक संस्करणों के साथ ये अनुप्रयोग।
हालाँकि, ऐसे किसी भी वैकल्पिक संस्करण को प्रदान किए गए समान आशय पैटर्न का सम्मान करना चाहिए
अपस्ट्रीम परियोजना द्वारा। उदाहरण के लिए, यदि किसी उपकरण में एक वैकल्पिक संगीत प्लेयर है,
इसे अभी भी गीत चुनने के लिए तृतीय-पक्ष एप्लिकेशन द्वारा जारी किए गए इंटेंट पैटर्न का सम्मान करना चाहिए।
निम्नलिखित एप्लिकेशन को कोर एंड्रॉइड सिस्टम एप्लिकेशन माना जाता है:
मेज घड़ी
ब्राउज़र
पंचांग
संपर्क
लड़की एरी
वैश्विक खोज
लांचर
संगीत
समायोजन
कोर एंड्रॉइड सिस्टम अनुप्रयोगों में विभिन्न गतिविधि या सेवा घटक शामिल हैं
जिन्हें "सार्वजनिक" माना जाता है। यही है, विशेषता "एंड्रॉइड: निर्यात" अनुपस्थित हो सकती है, या
मूल्य "सत्य" हो सकता है।
प्रत्येक गतिविधि या सेवा के लिए एक प्रमुख Android सिस्टम ऐप में परिभाषित किया गया है जो नहीं है
एंड्रॉइड के माध्यम से गैर-सार्वजनिक के रूप में चिह्नित: "झूठी", डिवाइस के साथ निर्यात की गई विशेषता
कार्यान्वयन में उसी प्रकार का एक घटक शामिल होना चाहिए जो कार्यान्वयन कर रहा हो
कोर Android सिस्टम ऐप के समान इंटेंट फ़िल्टर पैटर्न।
दूसरे शब्दों में, एक उपकरण कार्यान्वयन मुख्य Android सिस्टम ऐप्स को प्रतिस्थापित कर सकता है;
हालांकि, अगर ऐसा होता है, तो डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन को परिभाषित अल इंटेंट पैटर्न का समर्थन करना चाहिए
प्रत्येक कोर एंड्रॉइड सिस्टम ऐप द्वारा प्रतिस्थापित किया जा रहा है।
3.2.3.2। इरादा ओवरराइड
जैसा कि Android एक एक्स्टेंसिबल प्लेटफ़ॉर्म है, डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन को प्रत्येक इंटेंट को अनुमति देनी चाहिए
धारा 3.2.3.2 में संदर्भित पैटर्न को तीसरे पक्ष के अनुप्रयोगों द्वारा ओवरराइड किया जाना है।
अपस्ट्रीम एंड्रॉइड ओपन सोर्स कार्यान्वयन इसे डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से अनुमति देता है; उपकरण
कार्यान्वयनकर्ताओं को सिस्टम एप्लिकेशन के उपयोग के लिए विशेष विशेषाधिकार संलग्न नहीं करना चाहिए
ये आशय पैटर्न, या तृतीय-पक्ष एप्लिकेशन को बाध्य करने और मानने से रोकते हैं
इन प्रतिमानों पर नियंत्रण इस निषेध विशेष y में शामिल है लेकिन इन्हीं तक सीमित नहीं है
"चयनकर्ता" उपयोगकर्ता इंटरफ़ेस को अक्षम करना जो उपयोगकर्ता को एकाधिक के बीच चयन करने की अनुमति देता है
अनुप्रयोग जो समान आशय पैटर्न को संभालते हैं।
हालाँकि, डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन विशिष्ट URI के लिए डिफ़ॉल्ट गतिविधियाँ प्रदान कर सकता है
पैटर्न (उदा. http://play.google.com) यदि डिफ़ॉल्ट गतिविधि अधिक विशिष्ट फ़िल्टर प्रदान करती है
डेटा यूआरआई के लिए। उदाहरण के लिए, डेटा URI निर्दिष्ट करने वाला एक आशय फ़िल्टर
"http://www.android.com" "http://" के लिए ब्राउज़र फ़िल्टर से अधिक विशिष्ट है। उपकरण
कार्यान्वयन को उपयोगकर्ताओं को डिफ़ॉल्ट गतिविधि को संशोधित करने के लिए उपयोगकर्ता इंटरफ़ेस प्रदान करना होगा
इरादों के लिए।
3.2.3.3। आशय नामस्थान
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन में ऐसा कोई Android घटक शामिल नहीं होना चाहिए जो किसी का सम्मान करता हो
क्रिया, श्रेणी, या अन्य कुंजी का उपयोग करके नया आशय या प्रसारण आशय पैटर्न
android.* या com.android.* नामस्थान में स्ट्रिंग। डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ता नहीं होना चाहिए
किसी भी Android घटक को शामिल करें जो किसी भी नए इंटेंट या ब्रॉडकास्ट इंटेंट पैटर्न का सम्मान करता हो
संबंधित पैकेज स्थान में क्रिया, श्रेणी, या अन्य कुंजी स्ट्रिंग का उपयोग करना
एक अन्य संगठन। डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ताओं को किसी भी इरादे को बदलना या विस्तारित नहीं करना चाहिए
अनुभाग 3.2.3.1 में सूचीबद्ध मुख्य ऐप्स द्वारा उपयोग किए जाने वाले पैटर्न। डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन मई
स्पष्ट रूप से और स्पष्ट रूप से उनके साथ जुड़े नामस्थानों का उपयोग करके आशय पैटर्न शामिल करें
खुद का संगठन।
यह निषेध खंड में जावा भाषा कक्षाओं के लिए निर्दिष्ट के अनुरूप है
3.6।
3.2.3.4। प्रसारण इरादे
तृतीय-पक्ष एप्लिकेशन उन्हें सूचित करने के लिए कुछ इरादों को प्रसारित करने के लिए प्लेटफ़ॉर्म पर भरोसा करते हैं
हार्डवेयर या सॉफ्टवेयर वातावरण में परिवर्तन। एंड्रॉइड-संगत डिवाइस
उचित प्रणाली के जवाब में सार्वजनिक प्रसारण इरादे प्रसारित करना चाहिए
आयोजन। ब्रॉडकास्ट इंटेंट्स एसडीके दस्तावेज में वर्णित हैं।
3.3। मूल एपीआई संगतता
3.3.1 एप्लीकेशन बाइनरी इंटरफेस
Dalvik में चल रहे प्रबंधित कोड को एप्लिकेशन में प्रदान किए गए मूल कोड में कैल किया जा सकता है
उपयुक्त डिवाइस हार्डवेयर आर्किटेक्चर के लिए संकलित एक ELF .so फ़ाइल के रूप में .apk फ़ाइल।
जैसा कि मूल कोड अंतर्निहित प्रोसेसर तकनीक पर अत्यधिक निर्भर है, Android
फ़ाइल में एंड्रॉइड एनडीके में कई एप्लिकेशन बाइनरी इंटरफेस (एबीआई) को परिभाषित करता है
डॉक्स/CPU-ARCH-ABIS.html। यदि कोई उपकरण कार्यान्वयन एक या अधिक के साथ संगत है
परिभाषित एबीआई, इसे नीचे के रूप में एंड्रॉइड एनडीके के साथ संगतता लागू करनी चाहिए।
यदि किसी उपकरण कार्यान्वयन में Android ABI के लिए समर्थन शामिल है, तो यह:
कैल करने के लिए प्रबंधित वातावरण में चल रहे कोड के लिए समर्थन शामिल होना चाहिए
नेटिव कोड, मानक जावा नेटिव इंटरफ़ेस (JNI) सिमेंटिक्स का उपयोग करते हुए।
स्रोत-संगत होना चाहिए (यानी हेडर संगत) और बाइनरी-संगत (के लिए
एबीआई) नीचे दी गई सूची में प्रत्येक आवश्यक पुस्तकालय के साथ
आवश्यक रूप से समर्थित नेटिव एप्लिकेशन बाइनरी इंटरफ़ेस (एबीआई) की सही रिपोर्ट करें
डिवाइस द्वारा, android.os.Build.CPU_ABI API के माध्यम से
केवल उन्हीं ABI को रिपोर्ट करना चाहिए जो Android के नवीनतम संस्करण में प्रलेखित हैं
NDK, फ़ाइल डॉक्स/CPU-ARCH-ABIS.txt में
में उपलब्ध स्रोत कोड और शीर्षलेख फ़ाइलों का उपयोग करके बनाया जाना चाहिए
अपस्ट्रीम एंड्रॉइड ओपन सोर्स प्रोजेक्ट
नेटिव कोड APIs के कारण उन ऐप्स के लिए उपलब्ध होना चाहिए जिनमें मूल कोड शामिल है:
libc (सी लाइब्रेरी)
लिबम (गणित पुस्तकालय)
सी ++ के लिए न्यूनतम समर्थन
जेएनआई इंटरफ़ेस
लिबलॉग (एंड्रॉइड लॉगिंग)
libz (ज़्लिब संपीड़न)
libdl (डायनेमिक लिंकर)
libGLESv1_CM.so (ओपनजीएल ईएस 1.0)
libGLESv2.so (ओपनजीएल ईएस 2.0)
libEGL.so (देशी ओपनजीएल सतह प्रबंधन)
libjnigraphics.so
libOpenSLES.so (OpenSL ES 1.0.1 ऑडियो समर्थन)
libOpenMAXAL.so (OpenMAX AL 1.0.1 समर्थन)
libandroid.so (देशी Android गतिविधि समर्थन)
OpenGL के लिए समर्थन, जैसा कि नीचे बताया गया है
ध्यान दें कि Android NDK की भविष्य की रिलीज़ अतिरिक्त के लिए समर्थन पेश कर सकती है
एबीआई। यदि कोई उपकरण कार्यान्वयन मौजूदा पूर्वनिर्धारित एबीआई के साथ संगत नहीं है, तो यह
किसी भी एबीआई के लिए समर्थन की रिपोर्ट नहीं करनी चाहिए।
मूल कोड संगतता चल रही है। इस कारण इसे दोहराया जाना चाहिए
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ताओं को अपस्ट्रीम का उपयोग करने के लिए बहुत दृढ़ता से प्रोत्साहित किया जाता है
संगतता सुनिश्चित करने में सहायता के लिए ऊपर सूचीबद्ध पुस्तकालयों का कार्यान्वयन।
3.4। वेब संगतता
3.4.1। वेबव्यू संगतता
Android Open Source कार्यान्वयन WebKit रेंडरिंग इंजन का उपयोग करता है
android.webkit.WebView लागू करें। क्योंकि विकसित करना संभव नहीं है
वेब रेंडरिंग सिस्टम के लिए व्यापक परीक्षण सूट, डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ताओं को अवश्य उपयोग करना चाहिए
WebView कार्यान्वयन में WebKit का विशिष्ट अपस्ट्रीम बिल्ड। विशिष्ट वाई:
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन 'android.webkit.WebView कार्यान्वयन अवश्य होना चाहिए
अपस्ट्रीम Android ओपन सोर्स ट्री से 534.30 WebKit बिल्ड पर आधारित है
Android 4.1 के लिए। इस बिल्ड में कार्यक्षमता और सुरक्षा का एक विशिष्ट सेट शामिल है
WebView के लिए सुधार। डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ताओं में अनुकूलन शामिल हो सकते हैं
वेबकिट कार्यान्वयन; हालाँकि, ऐसे किसी भी अनुकूलन को बदलना नहीं चाहिए
रेंडरिंग व्यवहार सहित WebView का व्यवहार।
WebView द्वारा रिपोर्ट की गई उपयोगकर्ता एजेंट स्ट्रिंग इस प्रारूप में होनी चाहिए:
Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android $(VERSION); $(LOCALE); $(MODEL)
Build/$(BUILD)) AppleWebKit/534.30 (KHTML, जैसे छिपकली) संस्करण/4.1
मोबाइल सफारी/534.30
$(VERSION) स्ट्रिंग का मान वही होना चाहिए जो इसका मान है
$(VERSION) स्ट्रिंग का मान वही होना चाहिए जो इसका मान है
android.os.Build.VERSION.RELEASE
$(LOCALE) स्ट्रिंग का मान आईएसओ सम्मेलनों का पालन करना चाहिए
देश कोड और भाषा, और वर्तमान कॉन्फ़िगर को संदर्भित करना चाहिए
डिवाइस का लोकेल
$(MODEL) स्ट्रिंग का मान वही होना चाहिए जो इसका मान है
android.os.Build.MODEL
$(BUILD) स्ट्रिंग का मान समान होना चाहिए
android.os.Build.ID
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन उपयोगकर्ता एजेंट स्ट्रिंग में मोबाइल को छोड़ सकता है
WebView घटक में अधिक से अधिक HTML5 के लिए समर्थन शामिल होना चाहिए
[संसाधन, 11] यथासंभव। मिनिमल वाई, डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन में से प्रत्येक का समर्थन करना चाहिए
WebView में HTML5 से संबद्ध ये API:
एप्लिकेशन कैश/ऑफ़लाइन ऑपरेशन [संसाधन, 12]
<वीडियो> टैग [संसाधन, 13]
जियोलोकेशन [संसाधन स्रोत, 14]
अतिरिक्त वाई, डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन को HTML5/W3C वेबस्टोरेज एपीआई का समर्थन करना चाहिए
[संसाधन, 15], और HTML5/W3C IndexedDB API [संसाधन,
16]। ध्यान दें कि वेब विकास मानक निकायों के पक्ष में संक्रमण हो रहा है
मैंने वेबस्टोरेज पर इंडेक्सड डीबी, इंडेक्सड डीबी की आवश्यकता बनने की उम्मीद है
Android के भविष्य के संस्करण में घटक।
HTML5 APIs, अल JavaScript APIs की तरह, WebView में डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से अक्षम होना चाहिए,
जब तक कि डेवलपर उन्हें सामान्य Android API के माध्यम से स्पष्ट रूप से सक्षम न करे।
3.4.2। ब्राउज़र संगतता
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन में सामान्य रूप से एक स्टैंडअलोन ब्राउज़र एप्लिकेशन शामिल होना चाहिए
उपयोगकर्ता वेब ब्राउज़िंग। स्टैंडअलोन ब्राउज़र एक ब्राउज़र तकनीक पर आधारित हो सकता है
वेबकिट के अलावा। हालाँकि, भले ही एक वैकल्पिक ब्राउज़र एप्लिकेशन का उपयोग किया जाता है,
android.webkit.WebView घटक तृतीय-पक्ष एप्लिकेशन को प्रदान किया जाना चाहिए
WebKit पर आधारित, जैसा कि खंड 3.4.1 में बताया गया है।
कार्यान्वयन स्टैंडअलोन ब्राउज़र में एक कस्टम उपयोगकर्ता एजेंट स्ट्रिंग भेज सकता है
आवेदन।
स्टैंडअलोन ब्राउज़र एप्लिकेशन (चाहे अपस्ट्रीम वेबकिट ब्राउज़र पर आधारित हो
एप्लिकेशन या तृतीय-पक्ष प्रतिस्थापन) में अधिक से अधिक के लिए समर्थन शामिल होना चाहिए
HTML5 [संसाधन, 11] जितना संभव हो। मिनिमल वाई, डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन जरूरी समर्थन
इनमें से प्रत्येक API HTML5 से संबद्ध है:
एप्लिकेशन कैश/ऑफ़लाइन ऑपरेशन [संसाधन, 12]
<वीडियो> टैग [संसाधन, 13]
जियोलोकेशन [संसाधन, 14]
अतिरिक्त वाई, डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन को HTML5/W3C वेबस्टोरेज एपीआई का समर्थन करना चाहिए
[संसाधन, 15], और HTML5/W3C IndexedDB API का समर्थन करना चाहिए [संसाधन,
16]। ध्यान दें कि वेब विकास मानक निकायों के पक्ष में संक्रमण हो रहा है
Webstorage पर IndexedDB, IndexedDB के एक आवश्यक होने की उम्मीद है
Android के भविष्य के संस्करण में घटक।
3.5। एपीआई व्यवहारिक संगतता
प्रत्येक एपीआई प्रकार (प्रबंधित, सॉफ्ट, देशी और वेब) का व्यवहार होना चाहिए
अपस्ट्रीम Android ओपन सोर्स के पसंदीदा कार्यान्वयन के अनुरूप
परियोजना [संसाधन, 3]। अनुकूलता के कुछ विशिष्ट क्षेत्र हैं:
उपकरणों को मानक आशय के व्यवहार या शब्दार्थ को नहीं बदलना चाहिए
दोषों को किसी विशेष प्रकार के जीवनचक्र या जीवनचक्र शब्दार्थ को नहीं बदलना चाहिए
सिस्टम घटक का (जैसे सेवा, गतिविधि, सामग्री प्रदाता, आदि)
उपकरणों को मानक अनुमति के शब्दार्थ को नहीं बदलना चाहिए
उपरोक्त सूची व्यापक नहीं है। संगतता परीक्षण सूट (सीटीएस) परीक्षण
व्यवहार अनुकूलता के लिए मंच के महत्वपूर्ण हिस्से, लेकिन सभी नहीं। यह है
Android के साथ व्यवहार अनुकूलता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए कार्यान्वयनकर्ता की जिम्मेदारी
ओपन सोर्स प्रोजेक्ट। इस कारण से, उपकरण कार्यान्वयनकर्ताओं को स्रोत का उपयोग करना चाहिए
जहाँ संभव हो वहाँ Android Open Source Project के माध्यम से उपलब्ध कोड, बजाय पुनः-
सिस्टम के महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सों को लागू करें।
3.6। एपीआई नामस्थान
एंड्रॉइड जावा द्वारा परिभाषित पैकेज और क्लास नेमस्पेस सम्मेलनों का पालन करता है
प्रोग्रामिंग भाषा। तृतीय-पक्ष एप्लिकेशन, डिवाइस के साथ संगतता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए
कार्यान्वयनकर्ताओं को इनमें कोई निषिद्ध संशोधन (नीचे देखें) नहीं करना चाहिए
पैकेज नामस्थान:
जावा।*
जावैक्स। *
रवि।*
एंड्रॉयड।*
com.android.*
निषिद्ध संशोधनों में शामिल हैं:
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयन को सार्वजनिक रूप से प्रदर्शित एपीआई को संशोधित नहीं करना चाहिए
किसी विधि या वर्ग हस्ताक्षर को बदलकर या हटाकर Android प्लेटफ़ॉर्म
वर्ग या वर्ग क्षेत्र।
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ता एपीआई के अंतर्निहित कार्यान्वयन को संशोधित कर सकते हैं, लेकिन
इस तरह के संशोधनों को बताए गए व्यवहार और जावा-भाषा को प्रभावित नहीं करना चाहिए
किसी भी सार्वजनिक रूप से उजागर एपीआई के हस्ताक्षर।
डिवाइस कार्यान्वयनकर्ताओं को सार्वजनिक रूप से उजागर किए गए तत्वों को नहीं जोड़ना चाहिए (जैसे
क्लासेस या इंटरफेस, या फ़ील्ड्स या मौजूदा क्लासेस या इंटरफेस के तरीके) को
उपरोक्त एपीआई।
एक "सार्वजनिक रूप से उजागर तत्व" कोई भी निर्माण है जिसे "@hide" से सजाया नहीं गया है
मार्कर जैसा कि अपस्ट्रीम Android स्रोत कोड में उपयोग किया जाता है। दूसरे शब्दों में, युक्ति
कार्यान्वयनकर्ताओं को नए एपीआई का पर्दाफाश नहीं करना चाहिए या नामस्थान में मौजूदा एपीआई को बदलना चाहिए
ऊपर उल्लेखित। Device implementers MAY make internal-only modifications, but those
modifications MUST NOT be advertised or otherwise exposed to developers.
Device implementers MAY add custom APIs, but any such APIs MUST NOT be in a
namespace owned by or referring to another organization. For instance, device
implementers MUST NOT add APIs to the com.google.* or similar namespace; only
Google may do so. Similarly, Google MUST NOT add APIs to other companies'
namespaces. Additional y, if a device implementation includes custom APIs outside
the standard Android namespace, those APIs MUST be packaged in an Android
shared library so that only apps that explicitly use them (via the <uses-library>
mechanism) are affected by the increased memory usage of such APIs.
If a device implementer proposes to improve one of the package namespaces above
(such as by adding useful new functionality to an existing API, or adding a new API), the
implementer SHOULD visit source.android.com and begin the process for contributing
changes and code, according to the information on that site.
Note that the restrictions above correspond to standard conventions for naming APIs in
the Java programming language; this section simply aims to reinforce those
conventions and make them binding through inclusion in this compatibility definition.
3.7. Virtual Machine Compatibility
Device implementations MUST support the ful Dalvik Executable (DEX) bytecode
specification and Dalvik Virtual Machine semantics [Resources, 17].
Device implementations MUST configure Dalvik to al ocate memory in accordance
with the upstream Android platform, and as specified b y the fol owing ta ble. (See
Section 7.1.1 for screen size and screen density definitions.)
Note that memory values specified below are considered minimum values, and device
i mplementation s MAY al ocate more memory per application.
Screen Size
Screen Density
Application Memory
smal / normal / large
ldpi / mdpi
16MB
smal / normal / large
tvdpi / hdpi
32MB
smal / normal / large
xhdpi
64MB
xlarge
mdpi
32MB
xlarge
tvdpi / hdpi
64MB
xlarge
xhdpi
128MB
3.8. User Interface Compatibility
3.8.1. Widgets
Android defines a component type and corresponding API and lifecycle that al ows
applications to expose an "AppWidget" to the end user [Re sources, 18]. The Android
Open Source reference release includes a Launcher application that includes user
interface affordances al owing the user to add, view, and remove AppWidgets from the
home screen.
Device implementations MAY substitute an alternative to the reference Launcher (ie
home screen). Alternative Launchers SHOULD include built-in support for AppWidgets,
and expose user interface affordances to add, configure, view, and remove
AppWidgets directly within the Launcher. Alternative Launchers MAY omit these user
interface elements; however, if they are omitted, the device implementation MUST
provide a separate application accessible from the Launcher that al ows users to add,
configure, view, and remove AppWidgets.
Device implementations MUST be capable of rendering widgets that are 4 x 4 in the
standard grid size. (See the App Widget Design Guidelines in the Android SDK
documentation [Resources, 18] for details.
3.8.2. Notifications
Android includes APIs that al ow developers to notify users of notable events
[Resources, 19], using hardware and software features of the device.
Some APIs al ow applications to perform notifications or attract attention using
hardware, specifical y sound, vibration, and light. Device implementations MUST
support notifications that use hardware features, as described in the SDK
documentation, and to the extent possible with the device implementation hardware.
For instance, if a device implementation includes a vibrator, it MUST correctly
implement the vibration APIs. If a device implementation lacks hardware, the
corresponding APIs MUST be implemented as no-ops. Note that this behavior is
further detailed in Section 7.
Additional y, the im plementatio n MUST correctly render al resources (icons, sound
files, etc.) provided for in the APIs [Resources, 20], or in the Status/System Bar icon
style guide [Resources, 21]. Device implementers MAY provide an alternative user
experience for notifications than that provided by the reference Android Open Source
implementati on; however, suc h alternative notification systems MUST support existing
notification resources, as above.
Android 4.1 includes support for rich notifications, such as interactive Views for
ongoing notifications. Device implementations MUST properly display and execute rich
notifications, as documented in the Android APIs.
3.8.3. Search
Android includes APIs [Resources, 22] that al ow developers to incorporate search into
their applications, and expose their application's data into the global system search.
General y speaking, this f unctionality cons ists of a single, system-wide user interface
that al ows users to enter queries, displays suggestions as users type, and displays
results. The Android APIs al ow developers to reuse this interface to provide search
within their own apps, and al ow developers to supply results to the common global
search user interface.
Device implementations MUST include a single, shared, system-wide search user
interface capable of real-time suggestions in response to user input. Device
implementations MUST implement the APIs that al ow developers to reuse this user
interface to provide search within their own applications. Device implementations
MUST implement the APIs that al ow third-party applications to add suggestions to the
search box when it is run in global search mode. If no third-party applications are
instal ed that make use of this functionality, the default behavior SHOULD be to display
web search engine results and suggestions.
3.8.4. Toasts
Applications can use the "Toast" API (defined in [Resources, 23]) to display short non-
modal strings to the end user, that disappear after a brief period of time. Device
implementations MUST display Toasts from applications to end users in some high-
visibility manner.
3.8.5. Themes
Android provides "themes" as a mechanism for applications to apply styles across an
entire Activity or application. Android 3.0 introduced a new "Holo" or "holographic"
theme as a set of defined styles for application developers to use if they want to match
the Holo theme look and feel as defined by the Android SDK [Resources, 24]. Device
implementations MUST NOT alter any of the Holo theme attributes exposed to
applications [ Resources, 25].
Android 4.0 introduced a new "Device Default" theme as a set of defined styles for
application developers to use if they want to match the look and feel of the device
theme as defined by the device implementer. Device implementations MAY modify the
DeviceDefault theme attributes exposed to applications [Re sources, 25].
3.8.6. Live Wallpapers
Android defines a component type and corresponding API and lifecycle that al ows
applications to expose one or more "Live Wal papers" to the end user [Resources, 26].
Live Wal papers are animations, patterns, or similar images with limited input
capabilities that display as a wal paper, behind other applications.
Hardware is considered capable of reliably running live wal papers if it can run al live
wal papers, with no limitations on functionality, at a reasonable framerate with no
adverse affects on other applications. If limitations in the hardware cause wal papers
and/or applications to crash, malfunction, consume excessive CPU or battery power, or
run at unacceptably low frame rates, the hardware is considered incapable of running
live wal paper. As an example, some live wal papers may use an Open GL 1.0 or 2.0
context to render their content. Live wal paper wil not run reliably on hardware that
does not support multiple OpenGL contexts because the live wal paper use of an
OpenGL context may conflict with other applications that also use an OpenGL context.
Device implementations capable of running live wal papers reliably as described
above SHOULD implement live wal papers. Device implementations determined to not
run live wal papers reliably as described above MUST NOT implement live wal papers.
3.8.7. Recent Application Display
The upstream Android 4.1 source code includes a user interface for displaying recent
applications using a thumbnail image of the application's graphical state at the
moment the user last left the application. Device implementations MAY alter or
eliminate this user interface; however, a future version of Android is planned to make
more extensive use of this functionality. Device implementations are strongly
encouraged to use the upstream Android 4.1 user interface (or a similar thumbnail-
based interface) for recent applications, or else they may not be compatible with a
future version of Android.
3.8.8. Input Management Settings
Android 4.1 includes support for Input Management Engines. The Android 4.1 APIs
al ow custom app IMEs to specify user-tunable settings. Device implementations
MUST include a way for the user to access IME settings at al times when an IME that
provides such user settings is displayed.
3.8.9. Lock Screen Remote Control
Android 4.0 introduced support for Remote Control API that lets media applications
integrate with playback controls that are displayed in a remote view like the device
lock screen [Resources, 69]. Device implementations SHOULD include support for
embedding remote controls in the device lock screen.
3.9 Device Administration
Android 4.1 includes features that al ow security-aware applications to perform device
administration functions at the system level, such as enforcing password policies or
performing remote wipe, through the Android Device Administration API [Resources,
27]. Device implementations MUST provide an implementation of the
DevicePolicyManager class [Resources, 28], and SHOULD support the ful range of
device administration policies defined in the Android SDK documentation [Resources,
27].
Note: while some of the requirements outlined above are stated as "SHOULD" for
Android 4.1, the Compatibility Definition for a future version is planned to change these
to "MUST". That is, these requirements are optional in Android 4.1 but will be
required by a future version. Existing and new devices that run Android 4.1 are very
strongly encouraged to meet these requirements in Android 4.1 , or they wil not
be able to attain Android compatibility when upgraded to the future version.
3.10 Accessibility
Android 4.1 provides an accessibility layer that helps users with disabilities to navigate
their devices more easily. In addition, Android 4.1 provides platform APIs that enable
accessibility service implementations to receive cal backs for user and system events
and generate alternate feedback mechanisms, such as text-to-speech, haptic
feedback, and trackbal /d-pad navigation [R esources, 29]. D evice implementations
MUST provide an implementation of the Android accessibility framework consistent
with the default Android implementation. Specifical y, device implementations MUST
meet the fol owing requirements.
Device implementations MUST support third party accessibility service
i mplementations through the android.accessibilityservice APIs [Resources,
30].
Device implementations MUST generate AccessibilityEvents and deliver
these events to al registered AccessibilityService implementations in a
manner consistent with the default Android implementation.
Device implementations MUST provide a user-accessible mechanism to enable
and disable accessibility services, and MUST display this interface in response
to the android.provider.Settings.ACTION_ACCESSIBILITY_SETTINGS intent.
Additional y, device implementations SHOULD provide an implementation of an
accessibility service on the device, and SHOULD provide a mechanism for users to
enable the accessibility service during device setup. An open source implementation
of an accessibility service is available from the Eyes Free project [Resources, 31].
3.11 Text-to-Speech
Android 4.1 includes APIs that al ow applications to make use of text-to-speech (TTS)
services, and al ows service providers to provide implementations of TTS services
[Resources, 32]. Device implementations MUST meet these requirements related to
t he Android TTS framework:
Device implementations MUST support the Android TTS framework APIs and
SHOULD include a TTS engine supporting the languages available on the
device. Note that the upstream Android open source software includes a ful -
featured TTS engine implementation.
Device implementations MUST support instal ation of third-party TTS engines.
Device implementations MUST provide a user-accessible interface that al ows
users to select a TTS engine for use at the system level.
4. Application Packaging Compatibility
Device implementations MUST instal and run Android ".apk" files as generated by the
"aapt" tool included in the official Android SDK [Resources, 33].
Devices implementations MUST NOT extend eithe r the .apk [Reso urces, 34], Android
Manifest [Resources, 35], Dalvik bytecode [Resources, 17], or renderscript bytecode
formats in such a way that would prevent those files from instal in g and running co rrectly
on other c ompatible device s. Device impleme nters SHOULD u se the reference
upstream implementation of Dalvik, and the reference implementation's package
management system.
5. Multimedia Compatibility
Device implementations MUST include at least one form of audio output, such as
speakers, headphone jack, external speaker connection, etc.
5.1. Media Codecs
Device implementations MUST support the core media formats specified in the
Android SDK documentation [Resources, 58] except where explicitly permitted in this
document. Specifical y, device implementations MUST support the media formats,
encoders, decoders, file types and container formats defined in the tables below. Al of
these codecs are provided as s oftware impleme ntations in the preferred Android
implementation from the Android Open Source Project.
Please note that neither Google nor the Open Handset Alliance make any
representation that these codecs are unencumbered by third-party patents.
Those intending to use this source code in hardware or software products are
advised that implementations of this code, including in open source software
or shareware, may require patent licenses from the relevant patent holders.
Note that these tables do not list specific bitrate requirements for most video codecs
because current device hardware does not necessarily support bitrates that map
exactly to the required bitrates specified by the relevant standards. Instead, device
implementations SHOULD support the highest bitrate practical on the hardware, up to
the limits defined by the specifications.
File Type(s) /
Format /
Type
Encoder
Decoder
Details
Container
Codec
Formats
Support for
REQUIRED
mono/stereo/5.0/5.1*
MPEG-4
Required for device implementations
content with
AAC Profile
that include microphone hardware
REQUIRED
standard sampling
(AAC LC)
and define
3GPP
rates from 8 to 48
android.hardware.microphone.
(.3gp)
kHz.
MPEG-4
Support for
(.mp4,
MPEG-4
mono/stereo/5.0/5.1*
.m4a)
HE AAC
content with
ADTS raw
REQUIRED
Profile
standard sampling
AAC (.aac,
(AAC+)
rates from 16 to 48
decode in
kHz.
Android
3.1+,
Support for
MPEG-4
REQUIRED for device
encode in
mono/stereo/5.0/5.1*
HE AAC v2
implementations that include
Android
content with
Profile
microphone hardware and
4.0+, ADIF
standard sampling
(enhanced
define
not
rates from 16 to 48
AAC+)
android.hardware.microphone
supported)
kHz.
MPEG-TS
MPEG-4
(.ts, not
Audio
REQUIRED for device
Support for
seekable,
Object Type
implementations that include
mono/stereo content
Android
ER AAC
microphone hardware and
REQUIRED
with standard
3.0+)
ELD
define
sampling rates from
(Enhanced
android.hardware.microphone
16 to 48 kHz.
Low Delay
AAC)
REQUIRED
Required for device implementations
4.75 to 12.2 kbps
AMR-NB
that include microphone hardware
REQUIRED
3GPP (.3gp)
sampled @ 8kHz
and define
android.hardware.microphone.
REQUIRED
Required for device implementations
9 rates from 6.60
AMR-WB
that include microphone hardware
REQUIRED
kbit/s to 23.85 kbit/s
3GPP (.3gp)
and define
sampled @ 16kHz
android.hardware.microphone.
Mono/Stereo (no
multichannel).
Audio
Sample rates up to
48 kHz (but up to
44.1 kHz is
recommended on
devices with 44.1
REQUIRED
FLAC
kHz output, as the 48
FLAC (.flac) only
(Android 3.1+)
to 44.1 kHz
downsampler does
not include a low-
pass filter). 16-bit
recommended; no
dither applied for 24-
bit.
Mono/Stereo 8-
320Kbps constant
MP3
REQUIRED
MP3 (.mp3)
(CBR) or variable
bit-rate (VBR)
Type 0 and
MIDI Type 0 and 1.
1 (.mid,
DLS Version 1 and
.xmf, .mxmf)
2. XMF and Mobile
RTTTL/RTX
MIDI
REQUIRED
XMF. Support for
(.rtttl, .rtx)
ringtone formats
OTA (.ota)
RTTTL/RTX, OTA,
iMelody
and iMelody
(.imy)
Ogg (.ogg)
Vorbis
REQUIRED
Matroska
(.mkv)
8-bit and 16-bit
linear PCM** (rates
up to limit of
hardware).Devices
MUST support
PCM/WAVE
REQUIRED
REQUIRED
WAVE (.wav)
sampling rates for
raw PCM recording
at 8000,16000 and
44100 Hz
frequencies
JPEG
REQUIRED
REQUIRED
Base+progressive
JPEG (.jpg)
GIF
REQUIRED
GIF (.gif)
Image
PNG
REQUIRED
REQUIRED
PNG (.png)
BMP
REQUIRED
BMP (.bmp)
WEBP
REQUIRED
REQUIRED
WebP (.webp)
REQUIRED
Required for device implementations
3GPP
that include camera hardware and
(.3gp)
H.263
REQUIRED
define android.hardware.camera
MPEG-4
or
(.mp4)
android.hardware.camera.front.
3GPP
(.3gp)
REQUIRED
MPEG-4
(.mp4)
Required for device implementations
MPEG-TS
that include camera hardware and
Baseline Profile
Video
H.264 AVC
REQUIRED
(.ts, AAC
define android.hardware.camera
(BP)
audio only,
or
not
android.hardware.camera.front.
seekable,
Android
3.0+)
MPEG-4
REQUIRED
3GPP (.3gp)
SP
WebM (.webm)
REQUIRED
and Matroska
VP8
(Android
(.mkv, Android
2.3.3+)
4.0+)
*Note: Only downmix of 5.0/5.1 content is required; recording or rendering more than 2
channels is optional. **Note: 16-bit linear PCM capture is mandatory. 8-bit linear PCM
capture is not mandatory.
5.2 Video Encoding
Android device implementations that include a rear-facing camera and declare
android.hardware.camera SHOULD support the fol owing video encoding profiles.
HD (When supported by
SD (Low quality) SD (High quality)
hardware)
H.264 Baseline
H.264 Baseline
Video codec
H.264 Baseline Profile
Profile
Profile
Video
176 x 144 px
480 x 360 px
1280 x 720 px
resolution
Video frame 12 fps
30 fps
30 fps
rate
500 Kbps or
Video bitrate 56 Kbps
2 Mbps or higher
higher
Audio codec AAC-LC
AAC-LC
AAC-LC
Audio
1 (mono)
2 (stereo)
2 (stereo)
channels
Audio bitrate 24 Kbps
128 Kbps
192 Kbps
5.3. Audio Recording
When an application has used the android.media.AudioRecord API to start recording
an audio stream, device implementations that include microphone hardware and
declare android.hardware.microphone MUST sample and record audio with each of
these behaviors:
The device SHOULD exhibit approximately flat amplitude versus frequency
characteristics; specifical y, ±3 dB, from 100 Hz to 4000 Hz
Audio input sensitivity SHOULD be set such that a 90 dB sound power level
(SPL) source at 1000 Hz yields RMS of 2500 for 16-bit samples.
PCM amplitude levels SHOULD linearly track input SPL changes over at least a
30 dB range from -18 dB to +12 dB re 90 dB SPL at the microphone.
Total harmonic distortion SHOULD be less than 1% for 1Khz at 90 dB SPL input
level.
In addition to the above recording specifications, when an application has started
recording an audio stream using the
android.media.MediaRecorder.AudioSource.VOICE_RECOGNITION audio source:
Noise reduction processing, if present, MUST be disabled.
Automatic gain control, if present, MUST be disabled.
Note: while some of the requirements outlined above are stated as "SHOULD" for
Android 4.1, the Compatibility Definition for a future version is planned to change these
to "MUST". That is, these requirements are optional in Android 4.1 but will be
required by a future version. Existing and new devices that run Android 4.1 are very
strongly encouraged to meet these requirements in Android 4.1 , or they wil not
be able to attain Android compatibility when upgraded to the future version.
5.4. Audio Latency
Audio latency is broadly defined as the interval between when an application requests
an audio playback or record operation, and when the device implementation actual y
begins the operation. Many classes of applications rely on short latencies, to achieve
real-time effects such sound effects or VOIP communication. Device implementations
that include microphone hardware and declare android.hardware.microphone
SHOULD meet al audio latency requirements outlined in this section. See Section 7
for details on the conditions under which microphone hardware may be omitted by
device implementations.
For the purposes of this section:
"cold output latency" is defined to be the interval between when an application
requests audio playback and when sound begins playing, when the audio system
has been idle and powered down prior to the request
"warm output latency" is defined to be the interval between when an application
requests audio playback and when sound begins playing, when the audio system
has been recently used but is currently idle (that is, silent)
"continuous output latency" is defined to be the interval between when an
application issues a sample to be played and when the speaker physical y plays
the corresponding sound, while the device is currently playing back audio
"cold input latency" is defined to be the interval between when an application
requests audio recording and when the first sample is delivered to the
application via its cal back, when the audio system and microphone has been
idle and powered down prior to the request
"continuous input latency" is defined to be when an ambient sound occurs and
when the sample corresponding to that sound is delivered to a recording
application via its cal back, while the device is in recording mode
Using the above definitions, device implementations SHOULD exhibit each of these
properties:
cold output latency of 100 mil iseconds or less
warm output latency of 10 mil iseconds or less
continuous output latency of 45 mil iseconds or less
cold input latency of 100 mil iseconds or less
continuous input latency of 50 mil iseconds or less
Note: while the requirements outlined above are stated as "SHOULD" for Android 4.1,
the Compatibility Definition for a future version is planned to change these to "MUST".
That is, these requirements are optional in Android 4.1 but will be required by a future
version. Existing and new devices that run Android 4.1 are very strongly
encouraged to meet these requirements in Android 4.1 , or they wil not be able to
attain Android compatibility when upgraded to the future version.
If a device implementation meets the requirements of this section, it MAY report
support for low-latency audio, by reporting the feature "android.hardware.audio.low-
latency" via the android.content.pm.PackageManager class. [Re sources, 37]
Conversely, if the device implementation does not meet these requirements it MUST
NOT report support for low-latency audio.
5.5. Network Protocols
Devices MUST support the media network protocols for audio and video playback as
specified in the Android SDK documentation [Resources, 58]. Specifical y, devices
MUST support the fol owing media network proto cols:
RTSP (RTP, SDP)
HTTP(S) progressive streaming
HTTP(S) Live Streaming draft protocol, Version 3 [Resources, 59]
6. Developer Tool Compatibility
Device implementations MUST support the Android Developer Tools provided in the
Android SDK. Specifical y, Android-compatible devices MUST be compatible with:
Android Debug Bridge (known as adb) [Resources, 33]
Device implementations MUST support al adb functions as doc umented in the
Android SDK. The device-side adb daemon MUST be inactive by default, and
there MUST be a user-accessible mechanism to turn on the Android Debug
Bridge.
Dalvik Debug Monitor Service (known as ddms) [Resources, 33]
Device implementations MUST support al ddms features as documented in the
Android SDK. As ddms uses adb, support for ddms SHOULD be inactive by
default, but MUST be supported whenever the user has activated the Android
Debug Bridge, as above.
Monkey [Resources, 36]
Device implementations MUST include the Monkey framework, and make it
available f or applications to use.
Most Linux-based systems and Apple Macintosh systems recognize Android devices
using the standard Android SDK tools, without additional support; however Microsoft
Windows systems typical y require a driver for new Android devices. (For instance,
new vendor IDs and sometimes new device IDs require custom USB drivers for
Windows systems.) If a device implementation is unrecognized by the adb tool as
provided in the standard Android SDK, device implementers MUST provide Windows
drivers al owing developers to connect to the device using the adb protocol. These
drivers MUST be provided for Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7, in both
32-bit and 64-bit versions.
7. Hardware Compatibility
If a device includes a particular hardware component that has a corresponding API for
third-party developers, the device implementation MUST implement that API as
described in the Android SDK documentation. If an API in the SDK interacts with a
hardware component that is stated to be optional and the device implementation does
not possess that component:
complete class definitions (as documented by the SDK) for the component's
APIs MUST stil be present
the API's behaviors MUST be implemented as no-ops in some reasonable
fashion
API methods MUST return nul values where permitted by the SDK
documentation
API methods MUST return no-op implementations of classes where nul values
are not permitted by the SDK documentation
API methods MUST NOT throw exceptions not documented by the SDK
documentation
A typical example of a scenario where these requirements apply is the telephony API:
even on non-phone devices, these APIs must be implemented as reasonable no-ops.
Device implementations MUST accurately report accurate hardware configuration
information via the getSystemAvailableFeatures() and hasSystemFeature(String)
methods on the android.content.pm.PackageManager class. [Re sources, 37]
7.1. Display and Graphics
Android 4.1 includes facilities that automatical y adjust application assets and UI
layouts appropriately for the device, to ensure that third-party applications run wel on a
variety of hardware configurations [Resources, 38]. Devices MUST properly implement
these APIs and behaviors, as detailed in this section.
The units referenced by the requirements in this section are defined as fol ows:
"Physical diagonal size" is the distance in inches between two opposing corners
of the il uminated portion of the display.
"dpi" (meaning "dots per inch") is the number of pixels encompassed by a linear
horizontal or vertical span of 1". Where dpi values are listed, both horizontal and
vertical dpi must fal within the range.
"Aspect ratio" is the ratio of the longer dimension of the screen to the shorter
dimension. For example, a display of 480x854 pixels would be 854 / 480 =
1.779, or roughly "16:9".
A "density-independent pixel" or ("dp") is the virtual pixel unit normalized to a 160
dpi screen, calculated as: pixels = dps * (density / 160).
7.1.1. Screen Configuration
Screen Size
The Android UI framework supports a variety of different screen sizes, and al ows
applications to query the device screen size (aka "screen layout") via
android.content.res.Configuration.screenLayout with the
SCREENLAYOUT_SIZE_MASK. Device implementations MUST report the correct screen
size as defined in the Android SDK documentation [Resources, 38] and determined by
the upstream Android platform. Specifical y, device implementations must report the
correct screen size according to the fol owing logical d ensity-independe nt pixel (dp)
screen dimensions.
Devices MUST have screen sizes of at least 426 dp x 320 dp ('smal ')
Devices that report screen size 'normal' MUST have screen sizes of at least 480
dp x 320 dp
Devices that report screen size 'large' MUST have screen sizes of at least 640
dp x 480 dp
Devices that report screen size 'xlarge' MUST have screen sizes of at least 960
dp x 720 dp
In addition, devices MUST have screen sizes of at least 2.5 inches in physical diagonal
size.
Devices MUST NOT change their reported screen size at any time.
Applications optional y indicate which screen sizes they support via the <supports-
screens> attribute in the AndroidManifest.xml file. Device implementations MUST
correctly honor applications' stated support for smal , normal, large, and xlarge
screens, as described in the Android SDK documentation.
Screen Aspect Ratio
The aspect ratio MUST be between 1.3333 (4:3) and 1.85 (16:9).
Screen Density
The Android UI framework defines a set of standard logical densities to help
application developers target application resources. Device implementations MUST
report one of the fol owing logical Android framework densities through the
android.util.DisplayMetrics APIs, and MUST execute applications at this standard
density.
120 dpi, known as 'ldpi'
160 dpi, known as 'mdpi'
213 dpi, known as 'tvdpi'
240 dpi, known as 'hdpi'
320 dpi, known as 'xhdpi'
480 dpi, known as 'xxhdpi'
Device implementations SHOULD define the standard Android framework density that
is numerical y closest to the physical density of the screen, unless that logical density
is numerical y closest to the physical density of the screen, unless that logical density
pushes the reported screen size below the minimum supported. If the standard Android
framework density that is numerical y closest to the physical density results in a screen
size that is smal er than the smal est supported compatible screen size (320 dp width),
device implementations SHOULD report the next lowest standard Android framework
density.
7.1.2. Display Metrics
Device implementations MUST report correct values for al display metrics defined in
android.util.DisplayMetrics [Resources, 39].
7.1.3. Screen Orientation
Devices MUST support dynamic orientation by applications to either portrait or
landscape screen orientation. That is, the device must respect the application's
request for a specific screen orientation. Device implementations MAY select either
portrait or landscape orientation as the default.
Devices MUST report the correct value for the device's current orientation, whenever
queried via the android.content.res.Configuration.orientation,
android.view.Display.getOrientation(), or other APIs.
Devices MUST NOT change the reported screen size or density when changing
orientation.
Devices MUST report which screen orientations they support (
android.hardware.screen.portrait and/or android.hardware.screen.landscape)
and MUST report at least one supported orientation. For example, a device with a
fixed-orientation landscape screen, such as a television or laptop, MUST only report
android.hardware.screen.landscape.
7.1.4. 2D and 3D Graphics Acceleration
Device implementations MUST support both OpenGL ES 1.0 and 2.0, as embodied
and detailed in the Android SDK documentations. Device implementations MUST also
support Android Renderscript, as detailed in the Android SDK documentation
[Resources, 8].
Device impleme ntations MUST also correctly identify themselves as supporting
OpenGL ES 1.0 and 2.0. That is:
The managed APIs (such as via the GLES10.getString() method) MUST report
support for OpenGL ES 1.0 and 2.0
The native C/C++ OpenGL APIs (that is, those available to apps via
libGLES_v1CM.so, libGLES_v2.so, or libEGL.so) MUST report support for
OpenGL ES 1.0 and 2.0.
Device implementations MAY implement any desired OpenGL ES extensions.
However, device implementations MUST report via the OpenGL ES managed and
native APIs al extension strings that they do support, and conversely MUST NOT report
extension strings that they do not support.
Note that Android 4.1 includes support for applications to optional y specify that they
require specific OpenGL texture compression formats. These formats are typical y
vendor-specific. Device implementations are not required by Android 4.1 to implement
any specific texture compression format. However, they SHOULD accurately report any
texture compression formats that they do support, via the getString() method in the
OpenGL API.
Android 4.1 includes a mechanism for applications to declare that they wanted to
enable hardware acceleration for 2D graphics at the Application, Activity, Window or
View level through the use of a manifest tag android:hardwareAccelerated or direct
API cal s [Resources, 9].
In Android 4.1, device implementations MUST enable hardware acceleration by
default, and MUST disable hardware acceleration if the developer so requests by
setting android:hardwareAccelerated="false" or disabling hardware acceleration
directly through the Android View APIs.
In addition, device implementations MUST exhibit behavior consistent with the Android
SDK documentation on hardware acceleration [Resources, 9].
Android 4.1 includes a TextureView object that lets developers directly integrate
hardware-accelerated OpenGL ES textures as rendering targets in a UI hierarchy.
Device implementations MUST support the Textur eView API, and MUST exhibit
consistent behavior with the upstream Android implementation.
7.1.5. Legacy Application Compatibility Mode
Android 4.1 specifies a "compatibility mode" in which the framework operates in an
'normal' screen size equivalent (320dp width) mode for the benefit of legacy
applications not developed for old versions of Android that pre-date screen-size
independence. Device implementations MUST include support for legacy application
compatibility mode as implemented by the upstream Android open source code. That
is, device implementations MUST NOT alter the triggers or thresholds at which
compatibility mode is activated, and MUST NOT alter the behavior of the compatibility
mode itself.
7.1.6. Screen Types
Device implementation screens are classified as one of two types:
Fixed-pixel display implementations: the screen is a single panel that supports
only a single pixel width and height. Typical y the screen is physical y integrated
with the device. Examples include mobile phones, tablets, and so on.
Variable-pixel display implementations: the device implementation either has no
embedded screen and includes a video output port such as VGA, HDMI or a
wireless port for display, or has an embedded screen that can change pixel
dimensions. Examples include televisions, set-top boxes, and so on.
Fixed-Pixel Device Implementations
Fixed-pixel device implementations MAY use screens of any pixel dimensions,
provided that they meet the requirements defined this Compatibility Definition.
Fixed-pixel implementations MAY include a video output port for use with an external
display. However, if that display is ever used for running apps, the device MUST meet
the fol owing requirements:
The device MUST report the same screen configuration and display metrics, as
detailed in Sections 7.1.1 and 7.1.2, as the fixed-pixel display.
The device MUST report the same logical density as the fixed-pixel display.
The device MUST report screen dimensions that are the same as, or very close
to, the fixed-pixel display.
For example, a tablet that is 7" diagonal size with a 1024x600 pixel resolution is
considered a fixed-pixel large mdpi display implementation. If it contains a video
output port that displays at 720p or 1080p, the device implementation MUST scale the
output so that applications are only executed in a large mdpi window, regardless of
whether the fixed-pixel display or video output port is in use.
Variable-Pixel Device Implementations
Variable-pixel device implementations MUST support one or both of 1280x720, or
1920x1080 (that is, 720p or 1080p). Device implementations with variable-pixel
displays MUST NOT support any other screen configuration or mode. Device
implementations with variable-pixel screens MAY change screen configuration or
mode at runtime or boot-time. For example, a user of a set-top box may replace a
720p display with a 1080p display, and the device implementation may adjust
accordingly.
Additional y, variable-pixel device implementations MUST report the fol owing
configuration buckets for these pixel dimensions:
1280x720 (also known as 720p): 'large' screen size, 'tvdpi' (213 dpi) density
1920x1080 (also known as 1080p): 'large' screen size, 'xhdpi' (320 dpi) density
For clarity, device implementations with variable pixel dimensions are restricted to
720p or 1080p in Android 4.1, and MUST be configured to report screen size and
density buckets as noted above.
7.1.7. Screen Technology
The Android platform includes APIs that al ow applications to render rich graphics to
the display. Devices MUST support al of these APIs as defined by the Android SDK
unless specifical y al owed in this document. Specifical y:
Devices MUST support displays capable of rendering 16-bit color graphics and
SHOULD support displays capable of 24-bit color graphics.
Devices MUST support displays capable of rendering animations.
The display technology used MUST have a pixel aspect ratio (PAR) between 0.9
and 1.1. That is, the pixel aspect ratio MUST be near square (1.0) with a 10%
tolerance.
7.2. Input Devices
7.2.1. Keyboard
Device implementations:
MUST include support for the Input Management Framework (which al ows third
party developers to create Input Management Engines - ie soft keyboard) as
detailed at http://developer.android.com
MUST provide at least one soft keyboard implementation (regardless of whether
a hard keyboard is present)
MAY include additional soft keyboard implementations
MAY include a hardware keyboard
MUST NOT include a hardware keyboard that does not match one of the formats
specified in android.content.res.Configuration.keyboard [Resources, 40]
(that is, QWERTY, or 12-key)
7.2.2. Non-touch Navigation
Device implementations:
MAY omit a non-touch navigation option (that is, may omit a trackbal , d-pad, or
wheel)
MUST report the correct value for
android.content.res.Configuration.navigation [Resources, 40]
MUST provide a reasonable alternative user interface m echanism for the
selection and editing of text, compatible with Input Management Engines. The
upstream Android open source software includes a selection mechanism
suitable for use with devices that lack non-touch navigation inputs.
7.2.3. Navigation keys
The Home, Menu and Back functions are essential to the Android navigation
paradigm. Device implementations MUST make these functions available to the user
at al times when running applications. These functions MAY be implemented via
dedicated physical buttons (such as mechanical or capacitive touch buttons), or MAY
be implemented using dedicated software keys, gestures, touch panel, etc. Android
4.1 supports both implementations.
Android 4.1 introduces support for assist action [Resources, 63]. Device
implementations MUST make the assist action available to the user at al times when
running applications. This function MAY be impleme nted via hardwa re or software
keys.
Device implementations MAY use a distinct portion of the screen to display the
navigation keys, but if so, MUST meet these requirements:
Device implementation navigation keys MUST use a distinct portion of the
screen, not available to applications, and MUST NOT obscure or otherwise
interfere with the portion of the screen available to applications.
Device implementations MUST make available a portion of the display to
applications that meets the requirements defined in Section 7.1.1.
Device implementations MUST display the navigation keys when applications do
not specify a system UI mode, or specify SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_VISIBLE.
Device implementations MUST present the navigation keys in an unob trusive
"low profile" (eg. dimmed) mode when applications specify
SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_LOW_PROFILE.
Device implementations MUST hide the navigation keys when applications
specify SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_HIDE_NAVIGATION.
Device implementation MUST present a Menu key to applications when
targetSdkVersion <= 10 and SHOULD NOT present a Menu key when the
targetSdkVersion > 10.
Device implementations MUST make available a portion of the display to
applications that meets the requirements defined in Section 7.1.1.
7.2.4. Touchscreen input
Device implementations SHOULD have a pointer input syste m of some kind (either
mouse-like, or touch). However, if a device implementation does not support a pointer
input system, it MUST NOT report the android.hardware.touchscreen or
android.hardware.faketouch feature constant. Device implementations that do
include a pointer input system:
SHOULD support ful y independently tracked pointers, if the device input system
supports multiple pointers
MUST report the value of android.content.res.Configuration.touchscreen
[ Resources, 40] c orresponding to the type of the specific touchscreen on the
device
Android 4.0 includes support for a variety of touch screens, touch pads, and fake touch
input devices. Touch screen based device implementations are associated with a
display [Resources, 71] such that the user has the impression of directly manipulating
items on screen. Since the user is directly touching the screen, the system does not
require any additional affordances to indicate the objects being manipulated. In
contrast, a fake touch interface provides a user input system that approximates a
subset of touchscreen capabilities. For example, a mouse or remote control that drives
an on-screen cursor approximates touch, but requires the user to first point or focus
then click. Numerous input devices like the mouse, trackpad, gyro-based air mouse,
gyro-pointer, joystick, and multi-touch trackpad can support fake touch interactions.
Android 4.0 includes the feature constant android.hardware.faketouch, which
corresponds to a high-fidelity non-touch (that is, pointer-based) input device such as a
mouse or trackpad that can adequately emulate touch-based input (including basic
gesture support), and indicates that the device supports an emulated subset of
touchscreen functionality. Device implementations that declare the fake touch feature
MUST meet the fake touch requirements in Section 7.2.5.
Device implementations MUST report the correct feature corresponding to the type of
input used. Device implementations that include a touchscreen (single-touch or better)
MUST report the platform feature constant android.hardware.touchscreen. Device
implementations that report the platform feature constant
android.hardware.touchscreen MUST also report the platform feature constant
android.hardware.faketouch. Device implementations that do not include a
touchscreen (and rely on a pointer device only) MUST NOT report any touchscreen
feature, and MUST report only android.hardware.faketouch if they meet the fake
touch requirements in Section 7.2.5.
7.2.5. Fake touch inp ut
Device implementations that declare support for android.hardware.faketouch
MUST report the absolute X and Y screen positions of the pointer location and
display a visual pointer on the screen[Resources, 70]
MUST report touch event with the action code [Resources, 70] that specifies the
state change that occurs on the pointer g oing down or up on the screen
[Resources, 70]
MUST support pointer down and up on an object on the screen, which al ows
u sers to emulate tap on an object on the screen
MUST support pointer down, pointer up, pointer down then pointer up in the same
place on an object on the screen within a time threshold, which al ows users to
emulate double tap on an object on the screen [Resources, 70]
MUST support pointer down on an arbitrary point on the screen, pointer move to
any other arbitrary point on the screen, fol owed by a pointer up , which al ows
users to emulate a touch drag
MUST support pointer down then al ow users to quickly move the object to a
different position on the screen and then pointer up on the screen, which al ows
users to fling an object on the screen
Devices that declare support for android.hardware.faketouch.multitouch.distinct
MUST meet the requirements for faketouch above, and MUST also support distinct
tracking of two or more independent pointer inputs.
7.2.6. Microphone
Device implementations MAY omit a microphone. However, if a device implementation
omits a microphone, it MUST NOT report the android.hardware.microphone feature
constant, and must implement the audio recording API as no-ops, per Section 7.
Conversely, device implementations that do possess a microphone:
MUST report the android.hardware.microphone feature constant
SHOULD meet the audio quality requirements in Section 5.4
SHOULD meet the audio latency requirements in Section 5.5
7.3. Sensors
Android 4.1 includes APIs for accessing a variety of sensor types. Devices
implementations general y MAY omit these sensors, as provided for in the fol owing
subsections. If a device includes a particular sensor type that has a corresponding API
for third-party developers, the device implementation MUST implement that API as
described in the Android SDK documentation. For example, device implementations:
MUST accurately report the presence or absence of sensors per the
android.content.pm.PackageManager class. [Re sources, 37]
MUST return an accurate list of supported sensors via the
SensorManager.getSensorList() and similar methods
MUST behave reasonably for al other sensor APIs (for example, by returning true
or false as appropriate when applications attempt to register listeners, not cal ing
sensor listeners when the corresponding sensors are not present; etc.)
MUST report al sensor measurements using the relevant International System of
Units (ie metric) values for each sensor type as defined in the Android SDK
documentation [Resources, 41]
The list above is not comprehensive; the documented behavior of the Android SDK is
to be considered authoritative.
Some sensor types are synthetic, meaning they can be derived from data provided by
one or more other sensors. (Examples include the orientation sensor, and the linear
acceleration sensor.) Device implementations SHOULD implement these sensor
types, when they include the prerequisite physical sensors.
The Android 4.1 APIs introduce a notion of a "streaming" sensor, which is one that
returns data continuously, rather than only when the data changes. Device
implementations MUST continuously provide periodic data samples for any API
indicated by the Android 4.1 SDK documentation to be a streaming sensor.
7.3.1. Accelerometer
Device implementations SHOULD include a 3-axis accelerometer. If a device
implementation does include a 3-axis accelerometer, it:
SHOULD be able to deliver events at 120 Hz or greater. Note that while the
accelerometer frequency above is stated as "SHOULD" for Android 4.1, the
Compatibility Definition for a future version is planned to change these to
"MUST". That is, these standards are optional in Android 4.1 but will be
required in future versions. Existing and new devices that run Android 4.1 are
very strongly encouraged to meet these requirements in Android 4.1 so
they wil be able to upgrade to the future platform releases
MUST comply with the Android sensor coordinate system as detailed in the
Android APIs (see [Resources, 41])
MUST be capable of measuring from freefal up to twice gravity (2g) or more on
any three-dimension al vector
MUST have 8-bits of accuracy or more
MUST have a standard deviation no greater than 0.05 m/s^2
7.3.2. Magnetometer
Device implementations SHOULD include a 3-axis magnetometer (ie compass.) If a
device does include a 3-axis magnetometer, it:
MUST be able to deliver events at 10 Hz or greater
MUST comply with the Android sensor coordinate system as detailed in the
Android APIs (see [Resources, 41]).
MUST be capable of sampling a range of field strengths adequate to cover the
geomagnetic field
MUST have 8-bits of accuracy or mor e
MUST have a standard deviation no greater than 0.5 µT
7.3.3. GPS
Device implementations SHOULD include a GPS receiver. If a device implementation
does include a GPS receiver, it SHOULD include some form of "assisted GPS"
technique to minimize GPS lock-on time.
7.3.4. Gyroscope
Device implementations SHOULD include a gyroscope (ie angular change sensor.)
Devices SHOULD NOT include a gyroscope sensor unless a 3-axis accelerometer is
also included. If a device implementation includes a gyroscope, it:
MUST be temperature compensated
MUST be capable of measuring orientation changes up to 5.5*Pi
radians/second (that is, approximately 1,000 degrees per second)
SHOULD be able to deliver events at 200 Hz or greater. Note that while the
gyroscope frequency above is stated as "SHOULD" for Android 4.1, the
Compatibility Definition for a future version is planned to change these to
"MUST". That is, these standards are optional in Android 4.1 but will be
required in future versions. Existing and new devices that run Android 4.1 are
very strongly encouraged to meet these requirements in Android 4.1 so
they wil be able to upgrade to the future platform releases
MUST have 12-bits of accuracy or more
MUST have a variance no greater than 1e-7 rad^2 / s^2 per Hz (variance per Hz,
or rad^2 / s). The variance is al owed to vary with the sampling rate, but must be
constrained by this value. In other words, if you measure the variance of the gyro
at 1 Hz sampling rate it should be no greater than 1e-7 rad^2/s^2.
MUST have timestamps as close to when the hardware event happened as
possible. The constant latency must be removed.
7.3.5. Barometer
Device implementations MAY include a barometer (ie ambient air pressure sensor.) If
a device implementation includes a barometer, it:
MUST be able to deliver events at 5 Hz or greater
MUST have adequate precision to enable estimating altitude
MUST be temperature compensated
7.3.7. Thermometer
Device implementations MAY but SHOULD NOT include a thermometer (ie
temperature sensor.) If a device implementation does include a thermometer, it MUST
measure the temperature of the device CPU. It MUST NOT measure any other
temperature. (Note that this sensor type is deprecated in the Android 4.1 APIs.)
7.3.7. Photometer
Device implementations MAY include a photometer (ie ambient light sensor.)
7.3.8. Proximity Sensor
Device implementations MAY include a proximity sensor. If a device implementation
does include a proximity sensor, it MUST measure the proximity of an object in the
same direction as the screen. That is, the proximity sensor MUST be oriented to detect
objects close to the screen, as the primary intent of this sensor type is to detect a
phone in use by the user. If a device implementation includes a proximity sensor with
any other orientation, it MUST NOT be accessible through this API. If a device
implementation has a proximity sensor, it MUST be have 1-bit of accuracy or more.
7.4. Data Connectivity
7.4.1. Telephony
"Telephony" as used by the Android 4.1 APIs and this document refers specifical y to
hardware related to placing voice cal s and sending SMS messages via a GSM or
CDMA network. While these voice cal s may or may not be packet-switched, they are
for the purposes of Android 4.1 considered independent of any data connectivity that
may be implemented using the same network. In other words, the Android "telephony"
functionality and APIs refer specifical y to voice cal s and SMS; for instance, device
implementations that cannot place cal s or send/receive SMS messages MUST NOT
report the "android.hardware.telephony" feature or any sub-features, regardless of
whether they use a cel ular network for data connectivity.
Android 4.1 MAY be used on devices that do not include telephony hardware. That is,
Android 4.1 is compatible with devices that are not phones. However, if a device
implementation does include GSM or CDMA telephony, it MUST implement ful support
for the API for that technology. Device implementations that do not include telephony
hardware MUST implement the ful APIs as no-ops.
7.4.2. IEEE 802.11 (WiFi)
Android 4.1 device implementations SHOULD include support for one or more forms
of 802.11 (b/g/a/n, etc.) If a device implementation does include support for 802.11, it
MUST implement the corresponding Android API.
Device implementations MUST implement the multicast API as described in the SDK
documentation [ Resources, 62]. D evice implementations that do include Wifi support
MUST support multicast DNS (mDNS). Device implementations MUST not filter mDNS
packets (224.0.0.251) at any time of operation including when the screen is not in an
active state.
7.4.2.1. WiFi Direct
Device implementations SHOULD include support for Wifi direct (Wifi peer-to-peer). If
a device implementation does include support for Wifi direct, it MUST implement the
corresponding Android API as described in the SDK documentation [Resources, 68]. If
a device implementation includes support for Wifi direct, then it:
MUST support regular Wifi operation
SHOULD support concurrent wifi and wifi Direct operation
7.4.3. Bluetooth
Device implementations SHOULD include a Bluetooth transceiver. Device
implementations that do include a Bluetooth transceiver MUST enable the RFCOMM-
based Bluetooth API as described in the SDK documentation [Resources, 42]. Device
implementations SHOULD implement relevant Bluetooth profiles, such as A2DP,
AVRCP, OBEX, etc. as appropriate for the device.
The Compatibility Test Suite includes cases that cover basic operation of the Android
RFCOMM Bluetooth API. However, since Bluetooth is a communications protocol
between devices, it cannot be ful y tested by unit tests running on a single device.
Consequently, device implementations MUST also pass the human-driven Bluetooth
test procedure described in Appendix A.
7.4.4. Near-Field Communications
Device implementations SHOULD include a transceiver and related hardware for
Near-Field Communications (NFC). If a device implementation does include NFC
hardware, then it:
MUST report the android.hardware.nfc feature from the
android.content.pm.PackageManager.hasSystemFeature() method.
[Resources, 37]
MUST be capable of reading and writing NDEF messages via the fol owing NFC
s tandards:
MUST be capable of acting as an NFC Forum reader/writer (as defined by
the NFC Forum technical specification NFCForum-TS-DigitalProtocol-1.0)
via the fol owing NFC standards:
NfcA (ISO14443-3A)
NfcB (ISO14443-3B)
NfcF (JIS 6319-4)
IsoDep (ISO 14443-4)
NFC Forum Tag Types 1, 2, 3, 4 (defined by the NFC Forum)
SHOULD be capable of reading and writing NDEF messages via the fol owing
NFC standards. Note that while the NFC standards below are stated as
"SHOULD" for Android 4.1, the Compatibility Definition for a future version is
planned to change these to "MUST". That is, these standards are optional in
Android 4.1 but will be required in future versions. Existing and new devices
that run Android 4.1 are very strongly encouraged to meet these
requirements in Android 4.1 so they wil be able to upgrade to the future
platform releases.
NfcV (ISO 15693)
MUST be capable of transmitting and receiving data via the fol owing peer-to-
peer standards and protocols:
ISO 18092
LLCP 1.0 (defined by the NFC Forum)
SDP 1.0 (defined by the NFC Forum)
NDEF Push Protocol [Resources, 43]
SNEP 1.0 (defined by the NFC Forum)
MUST include support for Android Beam [Resources, 65]:
MUST implement the S NEP default serv er. Valid NDEF messages
received by the default SNEP server MUST be dispatched to applications
using the android.nfc.ACTION_NDEF_DISCOVERED intent. Disabling
Android Beam in settings MUST NOT disable dispatch of incoming NDEF
message.
Device implementations MUST honor the
android.settings.NFCSHARING_SETTINGS intent to show NFC sharing
settings [R esources, 67].
MUST implement the NPP server. Messages received by the NPP server
MUST be processed the same way as the SNEP default server.
MUST implement a SNEP client and attempt to send outbound P2P NDEF
to the default SNEP server when Android Beam is enabled. If no default
SNEP server is found then the client MUST attempt to send to an NPP
server.
MUST al ow foreground activities to set the outbound P2P NDEF message
using android.nfc.NfcAdapter.setNdefPushMessage, and
android.nfc.NfcAdapter.setNdefPushMessageCal back, and
android.nfc.NfcAdapter.enableForegroundNdefPush.
SHOULD use a gesture or on-screen confirmation, such as 'Touch to
Beam', before sending outbound P2P NDEF messages.
SHOULD enable Android Beam by default
MUST support NFC Connection handover to Bluetooth when the device
supports Bluetooth Object Push Profile. Device implementations must
support connection handover to Bluetooth when using
android.nfc.NfcAdapter.setBeamPushUris, by implementing the
"Connection Handover version 1.2" [Resources, 60] and "Bluetooth Secure
Simple Pairing Using NFC version 1.0" [Resources, 61 ] specs from the
NFC Forum. Such an implementation SHO ULD use SNEP G ET requests
for exchanging the handover request / select records over NFC, and it
MUST use the Bluetooth Object Push Profile for the actual Bluetooth data
transfer.
MUST pol for al supported technologies while in NFC discovery mode.
SHOULD be in NFC discovery mode while the device is awake with the screen
active and the lock-screen unlocked.
(Note that publicly available links are not available for the JIS, ISO, and NFC Forum
specifications cited above.)
Additional y, device implementations MAY include reader/writer support for the
fol owing MIFARE technologies.
MIFARE Classic (NXP MF1S503x [Resources, 44], MF1S703x [Resources, 44])
MIFARE Ultralight (NXP MF0ICU1 [Resources, 46], MF0ICU2 [Resources, 46])
NDEF on MIFARE Classic (NXP AN1 30511 [Resourc es, 48], AN13 0411
[Resources, 49])
Note th at Android 4.1 in cludes APIs for these MIFARE types. If a device
implementation supports MIFARE in the reader/writer role, it:
MUST implement the corresponding Android APIs as documented by the
Android SDK
MUST report the feature com.nxp.mifare from the
android.content.pm.PackageManager.hasSystemFeature() method.
[Resources, 37] Note that this is not a standard Android feature, and as such
does not appear as a constant on the PackageManager class.
MUST NOT imple ment the corresponding Android APIs nor report the
com.nxp.mifare feature unless it also implements general NFC support as
described in this section
If a device implementation does not include NFC hardware, it MUST NOT declare the
android.hardware.nfc feature from the
android.content.pm.PackageManager.hasSystemFeature() method [Resources, 37],
and MUST implement the Android 4.1 NFC API as a no-op.
As the classes android.nfc.NdefMessage and android.nfc.NdefRecord r epresent a
protocol-independent data representation format, device implementations MUST
implement these APIs even if they do not include support for NFC or declare the
android.hardware.nfc feature.
7.4.5. Minimum Network Capability
Device implementations MUST include support for one or more forms of data
networking. Specifical y, device implementations MUST include support for at least one
data standard capable of 200Kbit/sec or greater. Examples of technologies that
satisfy this requirement include EDGE, HSPA, EV-DO, 802.11g, Ethernet, etc.
Device implementations where a physical networking standard (such as Ethernet) is
the primary data connection SHOULD also include support for at least one common
wireless data standard, such as 802.11 (WiFi).
Devices MAY implement more than one form of data connectivity.
7.5. Cameras
Device implementations SHOULD include a rear-facing camera, and MAY include a
front-facing camera. A rear-facing camera is a camera located on the side of the
device opposite the display; that is, it images scenes on the far side of the device, like
a traditional camera. A front-facing camera is a camera located on the same side of
the device as the display; that is, a camera typical y used to image the user, such as for
video conferencing and similar applications.
7.5.1. Rear-Facing Camera
Device implementations SHOULD include a rear-facing camera. If a device
implementation includes a rear-facing camera, it:
MUST have a resolution of at least 2 megapixels
SHOULD have either hardware auto-focus, or software auto-focus implemented
in the camera driver (transparent to application software)
MAY have fixed-focus or EDOF (extended depth of field) hardware
MAY include a flash. If the Camera includes a flash, the flash lamp MUST NOT be
lit while an android.hardware.Camera.PreviewCal back instance has been
registered on a Camera preview surface, unless the application has explicitly
enabled the flash by enabling the FLASH_MODE_AUTO or FLASH_MODE_ON attributes
of a Camera.Parameters object. Note that this constraint does not apply to the
device's built-in system camera application, but only to third-party applications
using Camera.PreviewCallback.
7.5.2. Front-Facing Camera
Device implementations MAY include a front-facing camera. If a device implementation
includes a front-facing camera, it:
MUST have a resolution of at least VGA (that is, 640x480 pixels)
MUST NOT use a front-facing camera as the default for the Camera API. That is,
the camera API in Android 4.1 has specific support for front-facing cameras, and
device implementations MUST NOT configure the API to to treat a front-facing
camera as the default rear-facing camera, even if it is the only camera on the
device.
MAY include features (such as auto-focus, flash, etc.) available to rear-facing
cameras as described in Section 7.5.1.
MUST horizontal y reflect (ie mirror) the stream displayed by an app in a
CameraPreview, as fol ows:
If the device implementation is capable of being rotated by user (such as
automatical y via an accelerometer or manual y via user input), the camera
preview MUST be mirrored horizontal y relative to the device's current
orientation.
If the current application has explicitly requested that the Camera display
be rotated via a cal to the
android.hardware.Camera.setDisplayOrientation() [Resources, 50]
method, the camera preview MUST be mirrored horizontal y relative to the
orientation specified by the application.
Otherwise, the preview MUST be mirrored along the device's default
horizontal axis.
MUST mirror the image displayed by the postview in the same manner as the
camera preview image stream. (If the device implementation does not support
postview, this requirement obviously does not apply.)
MUST NOT mirror the final captured stil image or video streams returned to
application cal backs or committed to media storage
7.5.3. Camera API Behavior
Device implementations MUST implement the fol owing behaviors for the camera-
related APIs, for both front- and rear-facing cameras:
1. If an application has never cal ed
android.hardware.Camera.Parameters.setPreviewFormat(int), then the
device MUST use android.hardware.PixelFormat.YCbCr_420_SP for preview
data provided to application cal backs.
2. If an application registers an android.hardware.Camera.PreviewCallback
instance and the system cal s the onPreviewFrame() method when the preview
format is YCbCr_420_SP, the data in the byte[] passed into onPreviewFrame()
must further be in the NV21 encoding format. That is, NV21 MUST be the default.
3. Device implementations MUST support the YV12 format (as denoted by the
android.graphics.ImageFormat.YV12 constant) for camera previews for both
front- and rear-facing cameras. (The hardware video decoder and camera may
use any native pixel format, but the device implementation MUST support
conversion to YV12.)
Device implementations MUST implement the ful Camera API included in the Android
4.1 SDK documentation [R esources, 51]), r egardless of whether the device includes
hardware autofocus or other capabilities. For instance, cameras that lack autofocus
MUST stil cal any registered android.hardware.Camera.AutoFocusCallback
instances (even though this has no relevance to a non-autofocus camera.) Note that
this does apply to front-facing cameras; for instance, even though most front-facing
cameras do not support autofocus, the API cal backs must stil be "faked" as
described.
Device implementations MUST recognize and honor each parameter name defined as
a constant on the android.hardware.Camera.Parameters class, if the underlying
hardware supports the feature. If the device hardware does not support a feature, the
API must behave as documented. Conversely, Device implementations MUST NOT
honor or recognize string constants passed to the
android.hardware.Camera.setParameters() method other than those documented as
constants on the android.hardware.Camera.Parameters. That is, device
implementations MUST support al standard Camera parameters if the hardware
al ows, and MUST NOT support custom Camera parameter types.
Device implementations MUST broadcast the Camera.ACTION_NEW_PICTURE intent
whenever a new picture is taken by the camera and the entry of the picture has been
added to the media store.
Device implementations MUST broadcast the Camera.ACTION_NEW_VIDEO intent
whenever a new video is recorded by the camera and the entry of the picture has been
added to the media store.
7.5.4. Camera Orientation
Both front- and rear-facing cameras, if present, MUST be oriented so that the long
dimension of the camera aligns with the screen's long dimention. That is, when the
device is held in the landscape orientation, cameras MUST capture images in the
landscape orientation. This applies regardless of the device's natural orientation; that
is, it applies to landscape-primary devices as wel as portrait-primary devices.
7.6. Memory and Storage
7.6.1. Minimum Memory and Storage
Device implementations MUST have at least 340MB of memory available to the kernel
and userspace. The 340MB MUST be in addition to any memory dedicated to
hardware components such as radio, video, and so on that is not under the kernel's
control.
Device implementations MUST have at least 350MB of non-volatile storage available
for application private data. That is, the /data partition MUST be at least 350MB.
The Android APIs include a Download Manager that applications may use to download
data files [Resources, 56]. The device implementation of the Download Manager
MUST be capable of downloading individual files of at least 100MB in size to the
default "cache" location.
7.6.2. Application Shared Storage
Device implementations MUST offer shared storage for applications. The shared
storage provided MUST be at least 1GB in size.
Device implementations MUST be configured with shared storage mounted by default,
"out of the box". If the shared storage is not mounted on the Linux path /sdcard, then
the device MUST include a Linux symbolic link from /sdcard to the actual mount point.
Device implementations MUST enforce as documented the
android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission on this shared storage.
Shared storage MUST otherwise be writable by any application that obtains that
permission.
Device implementations MAY have hardware for user-accessible removable storage,
such as a Secure Digital card. Alternatively, device implementations MAY al ocate
internal (non-removable) storage as shared storage for apps.
Regardless of the form of shared storage used, device implementations MUST
provide some mechanism to access the contents of shared storage from a host
computer, such as USB mass storage (UMS) or Media Transfer Protocol (MTP).
Device implementations MAY use USB mass storage, but SHOULD use Media
Transfer Protocol. If the device implementation supports Media Transfer Protocol:
The device implementation SHOULD be compatible with the reference Android
MTP host, Android File Transfer [R esources, 57].
The device implementation SHOULD report a USB device class of 0x00.
The device implementation SHOULD report a USB interface name of 'MTP'.
If the device implementation lacks USB ports, it MUST provide a host computer with
access to the contents of shared storage by some other means, such as a network file
system.
It is il ustrative to consider two common examples. If a device implementation includes
an SD card slot to satisfy the shared storage requirement, a FAT-formatted SD card
1GB in size or larger MUST be included with the device as sold to users, and MUST
be mounted by default. Alternatively, if a device implementation uses internal fixed
storage to satisfy this requirement, that storage MUST be 1GB in size or larger and
mounted on /sdcard (or /sdcard MUST be a symbolic link to the physical location if it
is mounted elsewhere.)
Device implementations that include multiple shared storage paths (such as both an
SD card slot and shared internal storage) SHOULD modify the core applications such
as the media scanner and ContentProvider to transparently support files placed in both
locations.
7.7. USB
Device implementations SHOULD include a USB client port, and SHOULD include a
USB host port.
If a device implementation includes a USB client port:
the port MUST be connectable to a USB host with a standard USB-A port
the port SHOULD use the micro USB form factor on the device side. Existing
and new devices that run Android 4.1 are very strongly encouraged to meet
these requirements in Android 4.1 so they wil be able to upgrade to the future
platform releases
the port SHOULD be centered in the middle of an edge. Device implementations
SHOULD either locate the port on the bottom of the device (according to natural
orientation) or enable software screen rotation for al apps (including home
screen), so that the display draws correctly when the device is oriented with the
port at bottom. Existing and new devices that run Android 4.1 are very strongly
encouraged to meet these requirements in Android 4.1 so they wil be able
to upgrade to future platform releases.
if the device has other ports (such as a non-USB charging port) it SHOULD be
on the same edge as the micro-USB port
it MUST al ow a host connected to the device to access the contents of the
shared storage volume using either USB mass storage or Media Transfer
Protocol
it MUST implement the Android Open Accessory API and specification as
documented in the Android SDK documentation, and MUST declare support for
the hardware feature android.hardware.usb.accessory [Resources, 52]
it MUST implement the USB audio class as documented in the Android SDK
documentation [Resources, 66]
it SHOULD implement support for USB battery charging spec ification
[Resources, 64] Existing and new devices that run Android 4.1 are very
strongly encour aged to meet th ese requirements in Android 4.1 so they
wil be able to upgrade to the future platform releases
If a device implementation includes a USB host port:
it MAY use a non-standard port form factor, but if so MUST ship with a cable or
cables adapting the port to standard USB-A
it MUST implement the Android USB host API as documented in the Android
SDK, and MUST declare support for the hardware feature
android.hardware.usb.host [Resources, 53]
Device implementations MUST implement the Android Debug Bridge. If a device
implementation omits a USB client port, it MUST implement the Android Debug Bridge
via local-area network (such as Ethern et or 802.11)
8. Performance Compatibility
Device implementations MUST meet the key performance metrics of an Android 4.1
compatible device defined in the table below:
Metric
Performance Threshold
Comments
The fol owing applications
should launch within the
specified time.
The launch time is measured as the
total time to complete loading the
Browser: less than
default activity for the application,
Application
1300ms
including the time it takes to start the
Launch Time
Contacts: less than
Linux process, load the Android
700ms
package into the Dalvik VM, and cal
Settings: less than
onCreate.
700ms
When multiple applications
have been launched, re-
launching an already-
Simultaneous
running application after it
Applications
has been launched must
take less than the original
launch time.
9. Security Model Compatibility
Device implementations MUST implement a security model consistent with the Android
platform security model as defined in Security and Permissions reference document in
the APIs [Resources, 54] in the Android developer documentation. Device
implementations MUST support instal ation of self-signed applications without
requiring any additional permissions/certificates from any third parties/authorities.
Specifical y, compatible devices MUST support the security mechanisms described in
the fol ow sub-sections.
9.1. Permissions
Device implementations MUST support the Android permissions model as defined in
the Android developer documentation [Resources, 54]. Specifical y, implementations
MUST enforce each permission defined as described in the SDK documentation; no
permissions may be omitted, altered, or i gnored. Impleme ntations MAY add additional
permissions, provided the new permission ID strings are not in the android.*
namespace.
9.2. UID and Process Isolation
Device implementations MUST support the Android application sandbox model, in
which each application runs as a unique Unix-style UID and in a separate process.
Device implementations MUST support running multiple applications as the same
Linux user ID, provided that the applications are properly signed and constructed, as
defined in the Security and Permissions reference [Resources, 54].
9.3. Filesystem Permissions
Device implementations MUST support the Android file access permissions model as
defined in as defined in the Security and Permissions reference [Resources, 54].
9.4. Alternate Execution Environments
Device implementations MAY include runtime environments that execute applications
using some other software or technology than the Dalvik virtual machine or native
code. However, such alternate execution environments MUST NOT compromise the
Android security model or the security of instal ed Android applications, as described
in this section.
Alternate runtimes MUST themselves be Android applications, and abide by the
standard Android security model, as described elsewhere in Section 9.
Alternate runtimes MUST NOT be granted access to resources protected by
permissions not requested in the runtime's AndroidManifest.xml file via the <uses-
permission> mechanism.
Alternate runtimes MUST NOT permit applications to make use of features protected
by Android permissions restricted to system applications.
Alternate runtimes MUST abide by the Android sandbox model. Specifical y:
Alternate runtimes SHOULD instal apps via the PackageManager into separate
Android sandboxes (that is, Linux user IDs, etc.)
Alternate runtimes MAY provide a single Android sandbox shared by al
applications using the alternate runtime
Alternate runtimes and instal ed applications using an alternate runtime MUST
NOT reuse the sandbox of any other app instal ed on the device, except through
the standard Android mechanisms of shared user ID and signing certificate
Alternate runtimes MUST NOT launch with, grant, or be granted access to the
sandboxes corresponding to other Android applications
Alternate runtimes MUST NOT be launched with, be granted, or grant to other
applications any privileges of the superuser (root), or of any other user ID.
The .apk files of alternate runtimes MAY be included in the system image of a device
implementation, but MUST be signed with a key distinct from the key used to sign other
applications included with the device implementation.
When instal ing applications, alternate runtimes MUST obtain user consent for the
Android permissions used by the application. That is, if an application needs to make
use of a device resource for which there is a corresponding Android permission (such
as Camera, GPS, etc.), the alternate runtime MUST inform the user that the application
wil be able to access that resource. If the runtime environment does not record
application capabilities in this manner, the runtime environment MUST list al
permissions held by the runtime itself when instal ing any application using that runtime.
10. Software Compatibility Testing
Device implementations MUST pass al tests described in this section.
However, note that no software test package is ful y comprehensive. For this reason,
device implementers are very strongly encouraged to make the minimum number of
changes as possible to the reference and preferred implementation of Android 4.1
available from the Android Open Source Project. This wil minimize the risk of
introducing bugs that create incompatibilities requiring rework and potential device
updates.
10.1. Compatibility Test Suite
Device implementations MUST pass the Android Compatibility Test Suite (CTS)
[Resources, 2] available from the Android Open Source Project, using the final
shipping software on the device. Additional y, device implementers SHOULD use the
r eference imple mentation in the Android Open Source tree as much as possible, and
MUST ensure compatibility in cases of ambiguity in CTS and for any
reimplementations of parts of the reference source code.
The CTS is designed to be run on an actual device. Like any software, the CTS may
itself contain bugs. The CTS wil be versioned independently of this Compatibility
Definition, and multiple revisions of the CTS may be released for Android 4.1. Device
implementations MUST pass the latest CTS version available at the time the device
software is completed.
10.2. CTS Verifier
Device implementations MUST correctly execute al applicable cases in the CTS
Verifier. The CTS Verifier is included with the Compatibility Test Suite, and is intended
to be run by a human operator to test functionality that cannot be tested by an
automated system, such as correct functioning of a camera and sensors.
The CTS Verifier has tests for many kinds of hardware, including some hardware that
is optional. Device implementations MUST pass al tests for hardware which they
possess; for instance, if a device possesses an accelerometer, it MUST correctly
execute the Accelerometer test case in the CTS Verifier. Test cases for features noted
as optional by this Compatibility Definition Document MAY be skipped or omitted.
Every device and every build MUST correctly run the CTS Verifier, as noted above.
However, since many builds are very similar, device implementers are not expected to
explicitly run the CTS Verifier on builds that differ only in trivial ways. Specifical y,
device implementations that differ from an implementation that has passed the CTS
Verfier only by the set of included locales, branding, etc. MAY omit the CTS Verifier
test.
10.3. Reference Applications
Device implementers MUST test implementation compatibility using the fol owing open
source applications:
The "Apps for Android" applications [Re sources, 55]
Replica Island (available in Android Market)
Each app above MUST launch and behave correctly on the implementation, for the
implementation to be considered compatible.
11. Updatable Software
Device implementations MUST include a mechanism to replace the entirety of the
system software. The mechanism need not perform "live" upgrades - that is, a device
restart MAY be required.
Any method can be used, provided that it can replace the entirety of the software
preinstal ed on the device. For instance, any of the fol owing approaches wil satisfy
this requirement:
Over-the-air (OTA) downloads with offline update via reboot
"Tethered" updates over USB from a host PC
"Offline" updates via a reboot and update from a file on removable storage
The update mechanism used MUST support updates without wiping user data. That is,
the update mechanism MUST preserve application private data and application
shared data. Note that the upstream Android software includes an update mechanism
that satisfies this requirement.
If an error is found in a device implementation after it has been released but within its
reasonable product lifetime that is determined in consultation with the Android
Compatibility Team to affect the compatibility of third-party applications, the device
implementer MUST correct the error via a software update available that can be
applied per the mechanism just described.
12. Contact Us
You can contact the document authors at compatibility@android.com for clarifications
and to bring up any issues that you think the document does not cover.
Appendix A - Bluetooth Test Procedure
The Compatibility Test Suite includes cases that cover basic operation of the Android
RFCOMM Bluetooth API. However, since Bluetooth is a communications protocol
between devices, it cannot be ful y tested by unit tests running on a single device.
Consequently, device implementations MUST also pass the human-operated Bluetooth
test procedure described below.
The test procedure is based on the BluetoothChat sample app included in the Android
open source project tree. The procedure requires two devices:
a candidate device implementation running the software build to be tested
a separate device implementation already known to be compatible, and of a
model from the device implementation being tested - that is, a "known good"
device implementation
The test procedure below refers to these devices as the "candidate" and "known
good" devices, respectively.
Setup and Installation
1. Build BluetoothChat.apk via 'make samples' from an Android source code tree
2. Instal BluetoothChat.apk on the known-good device
3. Instal BluetoothChat.apk on the candidate device
Test Bluetooth Control by Apps
1. Launch BluetoothChat on the candidate device, while Bluetooth is disabled
2. Verify that the candidate device either turns on Bluetooth, or prompts the user
with a dialog to turn on Bluetooth
Test Pairing and Communication
1. Launch the Bluetooth Chat app on both devices
2. Make the known-good device discoverable from within BluetoothChat (using the
Menu)
3. On the candidate device, scan for Bluetooth devices from within BluetoothChat
(using the Menu) and pair with the known-good device
4. Send 10 or more messages from each device, and verify that the other device
receives them correctly
5. Close the BluetoothChat app on both devices by pressing Home
6. Unpair each device from the other, using the device Settings app
Test Pairing and Communication in the Reverse
Direction
1. Launch the Bluetooth Chat app on both devices.
2. Make the candidate device discoverable from within BluetoothChat (using the
Menu).
3. On the known-good device, scan for Bluetooth devices from within BluetoothChat
(using the Menu) and pair with the candidate device.
4. Send 10 or messages from each device, and verify that the other device
receives them correctly.
5. Close the Bluetooth Chat app on both devices by pressing Back repeatedly to
get to the Launcher.
Test Re-Launches
1. Re-launch the Bluetooth Chat app on both devices.
2. Send 10 or messages from each device, and verify that the other device
receives them correctly.
Note: the above tests have some cases which end a test section by using Home, and
some using Back. These tests are not redundant and are not optional: the objective is
to verify that the Bluetooth API and stack works correctly both when Activities are
explicitly terminated (via the user pressing Back, which cal s finish()), and implicitly sent
to background (via the user pressing Home.) Each test sequence MUST be performed
as described.