Definizione di compatibilità con Android 10

1. Introduzione

Questo documento elenca i requisiti che devono essere soddisfatti affinché i dispositivi siano compatibili con Android 10.

L'uso di "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY" e "OPTIONAL" è conforme a IETF standard definito in RFC2119 .

Come utilizzato in questo documento, un "implementatore del dispositivo" o "implementatore" è una persona o un'organizzazione che sviluppa una soluzione hardware/software con Android 10. Una "implementazione del dispositivo" o "implementazione" è la soluzione hardware/software così sviluppata.

Per essere considerate compatibili con Android 10, le implementazioni del dispositivo DEVONO soddisfare i requisiti presentati nella presente Definizione di compatibilità, inclusi eventuali documenti incorporati tramite riferimento.

Laddove questa definizione o i test software descritti nella sezione 10 siano silenziosi, ambigui o incompleti, è responsabilità dell'implementatore del dispositivo garantire la compatibilità con le implementazioni esistenti.

Per questo motivo, il progetto Android Open Source è sia l'implementazione di riferimento che quella preferita di Android. Agli implementatori dei dispositivi SI RACCOMANDA FORTEMENTE di basare le proprie implementazioni nella massima misura possibile sul codice sorgente "upstream" disponibile dal progetto Android Open Source. Sebbene alcuni componenti possano ipoteticamente essere sostituiti con implementazioni alternative, SI CONSIGLIA FORTEMENTE di non seguire questa pratica, poiché superare i test del software diventerà sostanzialmente più difficile. È responsabilità dell'implementatore garantire la piena compatibilità comportamentale con l'implementazione Android standard, inclusa e oltre la Compatibility Test Suite. Infine, si noti che alcune sostituzioni e modifiche di componenti sono esplicitamente vietate da questo documento.

Molte delle risorse collegate in questo documento derivano direttamente o indirettamente dall'SDK di Android e saranno funzionalmente identiche alle informazioni contenute nella documentazione dell'SDK. In tutti i casi in cui la presente Definizione di compatibilità o la Suite di test di compatibilità non sono d'accordo con la documentazione dell'SDK, la documentazione dell'SDK è considerata autorevole. Tutti i dettagli tecnici forniti nelle risorse collegate in questo documento sono considerati, per inclusione, parte della presente Definizione di compatibilità.

1.1 Struttura del documento

1.1.1. Requisiti per tipo di dispositivo

La sezione 2 contiene tutti i requisiti che si applicano a un tipo di dispositivo specifico. Ciascuna sottosezione della Sezione 2 è dedicata a un tipo di dispositivo specifico.

Tutti gli altri requisiti, che si applicano universalmente a qualsiasi implementazione di dispositivi Android, sono elencati nelle sezioni successive alla Sezione 2 . Questi requisiti sono indicati come "Requisiti fondamentali" in questo documento.

1.1.2. ID requisito

L'ID requisito viene assegnato per i requisiti MUST.

  • L'ID viene assegnato solo per i requisiti MUST.
  • I requisiti FORTEMENTE RACCOMANDATI sono contrassegnati come [SR] ma l'ID non è assegnato.
  • L'ID è composto da: ID del tipo di dispositivo - ID della condizione - ID del requisito (ad esempio C-0-1).

Ciascun ID è definito come di seguito:

  • ID tipo dispositivo (maggiori informazioni in 2. Tipi di dispositivo )
    • C: Core (requisiti applicati a qualsiasi implementazione del dispositivo Android)
    • H: dispositivo portatile Android
    • T: dispositivo televisivo Android
    • R: Implementazione di Android Automotive
    • Cosa: Implementazione di Android Watch
    • Scheda: implementazione tablet Android
  • Identificativo della condizione
    • Quando il requisito è incondizionato, questo ID è impostato su 0.
    • Quando il requisito è condizionale, viene assegnato 1 per la prima condizione e il numero aumenta di 1 all'interno della stessa sezione e dello stesso tipo di dispositivo.
  • ID requisito
    • Questo ID inizia da 1 e aumenta di 1 all'interno della stessa sezione e della stessa condizione.

1.1.3. ID requisito nella sezione 2

L'ID requisito nella sezione 2 inizia con l'ID sezione corrispondente seguito dall'ID requisito descritto sopra.

  • L'ID nella Sezione 2 è composto da: ID Sezione / ID Tipo Dispositivo - ID Condizione - ID Requisito (es. 7.4.3/A-0-1).

2. Tipi di dispositivi

Sebbene il progetto Android Open Source fornisca uno stack software che può essere utilizzato per una varietà di tipi di dispositivi e fattori di forma, esistono alcuni tipi di dispositivi che dispongono di un ecosistema di distribuzione delle applicazioni relativamente meglio consolidato.

Questa sezione descrive i tipi di dispositivi e i requisiti e i consigli aggiuntivi applicabili a ciascun tipo di dispositivo.

Tutte le implementazioni dei dispositivi Android che non rientrano in nessuno dei tipi di dispositivi descritti DEVONO comunque soddisfare tutti i requisiti nelle altre sezioni di questa Definizione di compatibilità.

2.1 Configurazioni del dispositivo

Per le principali differenze nella configurazione hardware in base al tipo di dispositivo, vedere i requisiti specifici del dispositivo che seguono in questa sezione.

2.2. Requisiti del palmare

Un dispositivo portatile Android si riferisce a un'implementazione del dispositivo Android che viene generalmente utilizzata tenendolo in mano, ad esempio un lettore mp3, un telefono o un tablet.

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi Android sono classificate come palmari se soddisfano tutti i seguenti criteri:

  • Avere una fonte di alimentazione che garantisca mobilità, come una batteria.
  • Avere una dimensione fisica dello schermo diagonale compresa tra 2,5 e 8 pollici.

I requisiti aggiuntivi nel resto di questa sezione sono specifici per le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili Android.

Nota: i requisiti che non si applicano ai dispositivi tablet Android sono contrassegnati con un *.

2.2.1. Hardware

Implementazioni di dispositivi portatili:

  • [ 7.1 .1.1/H-0-1] DEVE avere almeno un display compatibile con Android con una diagonale fisica di almeno 2,5 pollici e ciascun display compatibile con Android DEVE soddisfare tutti i requisiti descritti in questo documento.
  • [ 7.1 .1.3/H-SR] Sono FORTEMENTE RACCOMANDATI per fornire agli utenti la possibilità di modificare le dimensioni del display (densità dello schermo).

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili richiedono il supporto per display con intervallo dinamico elevato tramite Configuration.isScreenHdr() , essi:

  • [ 7.1 .4.5/H-1-1] DEVE pubblicizzare il supporto per EGL_EXT_gl_colorspace_bt2020_pq , EGL_EXT_surface_SMPTE2086_metadata , EGL_EXT_surface_CTA861_3_metadata , VK_EXT_swapchain_colorspace e VK_EXT_hdr_metadata estensioni dei dati.

Implementazioni di dispositivi portatili:

  • [ 7.1 .5/H-0-1] DEVE includere il supporto per la modalità di compatibilità delle applicazioni legacy implementata dal codice open source Android upstream. Cioè, le implementazioni del dispositivo NON DEVONO alterare i trigger o le soglie alle quali viene attivata la modalità di compatibilità e NON DEVONO alterare il comportamento della modalità di compatibilità stessa.
  • [ 7.2 .1/H-0-1] DEVE includere il supporto per applicazioni IME (Input Method Editor) di terze parti.
  • [ 7.2 .3/H-0-3] DEVE fornire la funzione Home su tutti i display compatibili con Android che forniscono la schermata iniziale.
  • [ 7.2 .3/H-0-4] DEVE fornire la funzione Indietro su tutti i display compatibili con Android e la funzione Recenti su almeno uno dei display compatibili con Android.
  • [ 7.2 .3/H-0-2] DEVE inviare sia l'evento normale che quello di pressione prolungata della funzione Back ( KEYCODE_BACK ) all'applicazione in primo piano. Questi eventi NON DEVONO essere consumati dal sistema e POSSONO essere attivati ​​dall'esterno del dispositivo Android (ad esempio tastiera hardware esterna collegata al dispositivo Android).
  • [ 7.2 .4/H-0-1] DEVE supportare l'input tramite touchscreen.
  • [ 7.2 .4/H-SR] È FORTEMENTE RACCOMANDATO di avviare l'app di assistenza selezionata dall'utente, in altre parole l'app che implementa VoiceInteractionService o un'attività che gestisce ACTION_ASSIST premendo a lungo KEYCODE_MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE o KEYCODE_HEADSETHOOK se l'attività in primo piano non lo fa gestire quegli eventi a pressione prolungata.
  • [ 7.3 .1/H-SR] È FORTEMENTE CONSIGLIATO includere un accelerometro a 3 assi.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo portatile includono un accelerometro a 3 assi, questi:

  • [ 7.3 .1/H-1-1] DEVE essere in grado di riportare eventi fino ad una frequenza di almeno 100 Hz.

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili includono un ricevitore GPS/GNSS e segnalano la funzionalità alle applicazioni tramite il flag della funzione android.hardware.location.gps ,:

  • [ 7.3 .3/H-2-1] DEVE segnalare le misurazioni GNSS, non appena vengono trovate, anche se una posizione calcolata da GPS/GNSS non è ancora stata segnalata.
  • [ 7.3 .3/H-2-2] DEVE riportare gli pseudointervalli e i tassi di pseudointervallo GNSS che, in condizioni di cielo aperto dopo aver determinato la posizione, mentre si è fermi o in movimento con meno di 0,2 metri al secondo quadrato di accelerazione, sono sufficienti per calcolare posizione entro 20 metri e velocità entro 0,2 metri al secondo, almeno il 95% delle volte.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo portatile includono un giroscopio a 3 assi, questi:

  • [ 7.3 .4/H-3-1] DEVE essere in grado di riportare eventi fino ad una frequenza di almeno 100 Hz.
  • [ 7.3 .4/H-3-2] DEVE essere in grado di misurare cambiamenti di orientamento fino a 1000 gradi al secondo.

Implementazioni di dispositivi portatili che possono effettuare una chiamata vocale e indicare qualsiasi valore diverso da PHONE_TYPE_NONE in getPhoneType :

  • [ 7.3 .8/H] DOVREBBE includere un sensore di prossimità.

Implementazioni di dispositivi portatili:

  • [ 7.3 .11/H-SR] È CONSIGLIATO supportare il sensore di posa con 6 gradi di libertà.
  • [ 7.4 .3/H] DOVREBBE includere il supporto per Bluetooth e Bluetooth LE.

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili includono una connessione a consumo, queste:

  • [ 7.4 .7/H-1-1] DEVE fornire la modalità di risparmio dati.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo portatile includono un dispositivo fotocamera logico che elenca le funzionalità utilizzando CameraMetadata.REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_LOGICAL_MULTI_CAMERA ,:

  • [ 7.5 .4/H-1-1] DEVE avere un campo visivo normale (FOV) per impostazione predefinita e DEVE essere compreso tra 50 e 90 gradi.

Implementazioni di dispositivi portatili:

  • [ 7.6 .1/H-0-1] DEVE avere almeno 4 GB di spazio di archiviazione non volatile disponibile per i dati privati ​​dell'applicazione (nota anche come partizione "/data").
  • [ 7.6 .1/H-0-2] DEVE restituire "true" per ActivityManager.isLowRamDevice() quando c'è meno di 1 GB di memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo portatile dichiarano il supporto solo di un'ABI a 32 bit:

  • [ 7.6 .1/H-1-1] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente DEVE essere almeno 416 MB se il display predefinito utilizza risoluzioni framebuffer fino a qHD (ad esempio FWVGA).

  • [ 7.6 .1/H-2-1] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente DEVE essere almeno 592 MB se il display predefinito utilizza risoluzioni framebuffer fino a HD+ (ad esempio HD, WSVGA).

  • [ 7.6 .1/H-3-1] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente DEVE essere almeno 896 MB se il display predefinito utilizza risoluzioni framebuffer fino a FHD (ad esempio WSXGA+).

  • [ 7.6 .1/H-4-1] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente DEVE essere almeno 1344 MB se il display predefinito utilizza risoluzioni framebuffer fino a QHD (ad esempio QWXGA).

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili dichiarano il supporto di qualsiasi ABI a 64 bit (con o senza ABI a 32 bit):

  • [ 7.6 .1/H-5-1] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente DEVE essere almeno 816 MB se il display predefinito utilizza risoluzioni framebuffer fino a qHD (ad esempio FWVGA).

  • [ 7.6 .1/H-6-1] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente DEVE essere almeno 944 MB se il display predefinito utilizza risoluzioni framebuffer fino a HD+ (ad esempio HD, WSVGA).

  • [ 7.6 .1/H-7-1] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente DEVE essere almeno 1280 MB se il display predefinito utilizza risoluzioni framebuffer fino a FHD (ad esempio WSXGA+).

  • [ 7.6 .1/H-8-1] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente DEVE essere almeno 1824 MB se il display predefinito utilizza risoluzioni framebuffer fino a QHD (ad esempio QWXGA).

Si noti che la "memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente" sopra si riferisce allo spazio di memoria fornito in aggiunta a qualsiasi memoria già dedicata a componenti hardware come radio, video e così via che non sono sotto il controllo del kernel sulle implementazioni del dispositivo.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo portatile includono meno o uguale a 1 GB di memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente,:

  • [ 7.6 .1/H-9-1] DEVE dichiarare il flag di funzionalità android.hardware.ram.low .
  • [ 7.6 .1/H-9-2] DEVE avere almeno 1,1 GB di spazio di archiviazione non volatile per i dati privati ​​dell'applicazione (nota anche come partizione "/data").

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili includono più di 1 GB di memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente,:

  • [ 7.6 .1/H-10-1] DEVE avere almeno 4 GB di spazio di archiviazione non volatile disponibile per i dati privati ​​dell'applicazione (nota anche come partizione "/data").
  • DOVREBBE dichiarare il flag di funzionalità android.hardware.ram.normal .

Implementazioni di dispositivi portatili:

  • [ 7.6 .2/H-0-1] NON DEVE fornire uno spazio di archiviazione condiviso per l'applicazione inferiore a 1 GiB.
  • [ 7.7 .1/H] DOVREBBE includere una porta USB che supporti la modalità periferica.

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili includono una porta USB che supporta la modalità periferica, essi:

  • [ 7.7 .1/H-1-1] DEVE implementare l'API Android Open Accessorio (AOA).

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo portatile includono una porta USB che supporta la modalità host,:

  • [ 7.7 .2/H-1-1] DEVE implementare la classe audio USB come documentato nella documentazione dell'SDK di Android.

Implementazioni di dispositivi portatili:

  • [ 7.8 .1/H-0-1] DEVE includere un microfono.
  • [ 7.8 .2/H-0-1] DEVE avere un'uscita audio e dichiarare android.hardware.audio.output .

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili sono in grado di soddisfare tutti i requisiti prestazionali per il supporto della modalità VR e includono il supporto per essa, essi:

  • [ 7.9 .1/H-1-1] DEVE dichiarare il flag della funzionalità android.hardware.vr.high_performance .
  • [ 7.9 .1/H-1-2] DEVE includere un'applicazione che implementa android.service.vr.VrListenerService che può essere abilitata dalle applicazioni VR tramite android.app.Activity#setVrModeEnabled .

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo portatile includono una o più porte USB-C in modalità host e implementazione (classe audio USB), oltre ai requisiti nella sezione 7.7.2 :

  • [ 7.8 .2.2/H-1-1] DEVE fornire la seguente mappatura software dei codici HID:
Funzione Mappature Contesto Comportamento
UN Pagina di utilizzo HID : 0x0C
Utilizzo HID : 0x0CD
Chiave del kernel : KEY_PLAYPAUSE
Chiave Android : KEYCODE_MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE
Riproduzione multimediale Ingresso : pressione breve
Uscita : riproduci o metti in pausa
Ingresso : premere a lungo
Output : avvia il comando vocale
Invia : android.speech.action.VOICE_SEARCH_HANDS_FREE se il dispositivo è bloccato o il suo schermo è spento. In caso contrario, invia android.speech.RecognizerIntent.ACTION_WEB_SEARCH
Chiamata in arrivo Ingresso : pressione breve
Uscita : accetta la chiamata
Ingresso : premere a lungo
Uscita : rifiuta la chiamata
Chiamata in corso Ingresso : pressione breve
Uscita : termina la chiamata
Ingresso : premere a lungo
Uscita : microfono disattivato o attivato
B Pagina di utilizzo HID : 0x0C
Utilizzo HID : 0x0E9
Chiave del kernel : KEY_VOLUMEUP
Tasto Android : VOLUME_UP
Riproduzione multimediale, chiamata in corso Ingresso : pressione breve o lunga
Uscita : aumenta il volume del sistema o dell'auricolare
C Pagina di utilizzo HID : 0x0C
Utilizzo HID : 0x0EA
Chiave del kernel : KEY_VOLUMEDOWN
Tasto Android : VOLUME_DOWN
Riproduzione multimediale, chiamata in corso Ingresso : pressione breve o lunga
Uscita : diminuisce il volume del sistema o dell'auricolare
D Pagina di utilizzo HID : 0x0C
Utilizzo HID : 0x0CF
Chiave del kernel : KEY_VOICECOMMAND
Tasto Android : KEYCODE_VOICE_ASSIST
Tutto. Può essere attivato in qualsiasi caso. Ingresso : pressione breve o lunga
Output : avvia il comando vocale
  • [ 7.8 .2.2/H-1-2] DEVE attivare ACTION_HEADSET_PLUG all'inserimento di una spina, ma solo dopo che le interfacce audio USB e gli endpoint sono stati correttamente enumerati per identificare il tipo di terminale collegato.

Quando viene rilevato il terminale audio USB di tipo 0x0302,:

  • [ 7.8 .2.2/H-2-1] DEVE trasmettere l'intento ACTION_HEADSET_PLUG con "microfono" extra impostato su 0.

Quando viene rilevato il tipo di terminale audio USB 0x0402,:

  • [ 7.8 .2.2/H-3-1] DEVE trasmettere l'intento ACTION_HEADSET_PLUG con "microfono" extra impostato su 1.

Quando viene richiamata l'API AudioManager.getDevices() mentre la periferica USB è collegata:

  • [ 7.8 .2.2/H-4-1] DEVE elencare un dispositivo di tipo AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_USB_HEADSET e il ruolo isSink() se il campo del tipo di terminale audio USB è 0x0302.

  • [ 7.8 .2.2/H-4-2] DEVE elencare un dispositivo di tipo AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_USB_HEADSET e il ruolo isSink() se il campo del tipo di terminale audio USB è 0x0402.

  • [ 7.8 .2.2/H-4-3] DEVE elencare un dispositivo di tipo AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_USB_HEADSET e il ruolo isSource() se il campo del tipo di terminale audio USB è 0x0402.

  • [ 7.8 .2.2/H-4-4] DEVE elencare un dispositivo di tipo AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_USB_DEVICE e il ruolo isSink() se il campo del tipo di terminale audio USB è 0x603.

  • [ 7.8 .2.2/H-4-5] DEVE elencare un dispositivo di tipo AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_USB_DEVICE e il ruolo isSource() se il campo del tipo di terminale audio USB è 0x604.

  • [ 7.8 .2.2/H-4-6] DEVE elencare un dispositivo di tipo AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_USB_DEVICE e il ruolo isSink() se il campo del tipo di terminale audio USB è 0x400.

  • [ 7.8 .2.2/H-4-7] DEVE elencare un dispositivo di tipo AudioDeviceInfo.TYPE_USB_DEVICE e il ruolo isSource() se il campo del tipo di terminale audio USB è 0x400.

  • [ 7.8 .2.2/H-SR] Sono FORTEMENTE CONSIGLIATI quando si collega una periferica audio USB-C, per eseguire l'enumerazione dei descrittori USB, identificare i tipi di terminale e trasmettere l'intento ACTION_HEADSET_PLUG in meno di 1000 millisecondi.

2.2.2. Multimedia

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili DEVONO supportare i seguenti formati di codifica e decodifica audio e renderli disponibili per applicazioni di terze parti:

  • [ 5.1 /H-0-1] AMR-NB
  • [ 5.1 /H-0-2] AMR-WB
  • [ 5.1 /H-0-3] Profilo MPEG-4 AAC (AAC LC)
  • [ 5.1 /H-0-4] Profilo MPEG-4 HE AAC (AAC+)
  • [ 5.1 /H-0-5] AAC ELD (AAC a basso ritardo migliorato)

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili DEVONO supportare i seguenti formati di codifica video e renderli disponibili per applicazioni di terze parti:

  • [ 5.2 /H-0-1] H.264AVC
  • [ 5.2 /H-0-2] PV8

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili DEVONO supportare i seguenti formati di decodifica video e renderli disponibili per applicazioni di terze parti:

  • [ 5.3 /H-0-1] H.264AVC
  • [ 5.3 /H-0-2] H.265 HEVC
  • [ 5.3 /H-0-3] MPEG-4SP
  • [ 5.3 /H-0-4] PV8
  • [ 5.3 /H-0-5] PV9

2.2.3. Software

Implementazioni di dispositivi portatili:

  • [ 3.2.3.1 /H-0-1] DEVE avere un'applicazione che gestisca gli intent ACTION_GET_CONTENT , ACTION_OPEN_DOCUMENT , ACTION_OPEN_DOCUMENT_TREE e ACTION_CREATE_DOCUMENT come descritto nei documenti SDK e fornisca all'utente la possibilità di accedere ai dati del provider di documenti utilizzando l'API DocumentsProvider .
  • [ 3.4 .1/H-0-1] DEVE fornire un'implementazione completa dell'API android.webkit.Webview .
  • [ 3.4 .2/H-0-1] DEVE includere un'applicazione browser autonoma per la navigazione web degli utenti generici.
  • [ 3.8 .1/H-SR] È FORTEMENTE RACCOMANDATO di implementare un launcher predefinito che supporti il ​​blocco in-app di scorciatoie, widget e widgetFeatures .
  • [ 3.8 .1/H-SR] È FORTEMENTE RACCOMANDATO di implementare un launcher predefinito che fornisca un accesso rapido ai collegamenti aggiuntivi forniti da app di terze parti tramite l'API ShortcutManager .
  • [ 3.8 .1/H-SR] È FORTEMENTE CONSIGLIATO includere un'app di avvio predefinita che mostri i badge per le icone delle app.
  • [ 3.8 .2/H-SR] Sono FORTEMENTE CONSIGLIATI per supportare i widget di app di terze parti.
  • [ 3.8 .3/H-0-1] DEVE consentire alle app di terze parti di notificare agli utenti eventi importanti tramite le classi API Notification e NotificationManager .
  • [ 3.8 .3/H-0-2] DEVE supportare le notifiche avanzate.
  • [ 3.8 .3/H-0-3] DEVE supportare le notifiche heads-up.
  • [ 3.8 .3/H-0-4] DEVE includere un'area notifiche, che offra all'utente la possibilità di controllare direttamente (ad esempio rispondere, posticipare, ignorare, bloccare) le notifiche tramite offerte utente come pulsanti di azione o il pannello di controllo come implementato nell'AOSP.
  • [ 3.8 .3/H-0-5] DEVE visualizzare le scelte fornite tramite RemoteInput.Builder setChoices() nell'area notifiche.
  • [ 3.8 .3/H-SR] È FORTEMENTE CONSIGLIATO di visualizzare la prima scelta fornita tramite RemoteInput.Builder setChoices() nell'area notifiche senza ulteriore interazione da parte dell'utente.
  • [ 3.8 .3/H-SR] È FORTEMENTE CONSIGLIATO di visualizzare tutte le scelte fornite tramite RemoteInput.Builder setChoices() nell'area notifiche quando l'utente espande tutte le notifiche nell'area notifiche.
  • [ 3.8 .3.1/H-SR] Sono FORTEMENTE RACCOMANDATI di visualizzare le azioni per le quali Notification.Action.Builder.setContextual è impostato come true in linea con le risposte visualizzate da Notification.Remoteinput.Builder.setChoices .
  • [ 3.8 .4/H-SR] Si CONSIGLIA FORTEMENTE di implementare un assistente sul dispositivo per gestire l' azione Assist .

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo portatile supportano l'azione Assist, esse:

  • [ 3.8 .4/H-SR] Si CONSIGLIA FORTEMENTE di utilizzare la pressione prolungata del tasto HOME come interazione designata per avviare l'app di assistenza come descritto nella sezione 7.2.3 . DEVE avviare l'app di assistenza selezionata dall'utente, in altre parole l'app che implementa VoiceInteractionService o un'attività che gestisce l'intento ACTION_ASSIST .

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili Android supportano una schermata di blocco,:

  • [ 3.8 .10/H-1-1] DEVE visualizzare le notifiche della schermata di blocco incluso il modello di notifica multimediale.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo portatile supportano una schermata di blocco sicura,:

  • [ 3.9 /H-1-1] DEVE implementare l'intera gamma di criteri di amministrazione del dispositivo definiti nella documentazione dell'SDK di Android.
  • [ 3.9 /H-1-2] DEVE dichiarare il supporto dei profili gestiti tramite il flag della funzionalità android.software.managed_users , tranne quando il dispositivo è configurato in modo da segnalarsi come dispositivo con RAM insufficiente o in modo da allocare memoria interna ( non rimovibile) come spazio di archiviazione condiviso.

Implementazioni di dispositivi portatili:

  • [ 3.10 /H-0-1] DEVE supportare servizi di accessibilità di terze parti.
  • [ 3.10 /H-SR] Si CONSIGLIA FORTEMENTE di precaricare servizi di accessibilità sul dispositivo paragonabili o superiori alle funzionalità dei servizi di accessibilità Switch Access e TalkBack (per le lingue supportate dal motore di sintesi vocale preinstallato) come fornito nel talkback aperto progetto sorgente .
  • [ 3.11 /H-0-1] DEVE supportare l'installazione di motori TTS di terze parti.
  • [ 3.11 /H-SR] È FORTEMENTE CONSIGLIATO includere un motore TTS che supporti le lingue disponibili sul dispositivo.
  • [ 3.13 /H-SR] È FORTEMENTE CONSIGLIATO includere un componente dell'interfaccia utente Impostazioni rapide.

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili Android dichiarano il supporto FEATURE_BLUETOOTH o FEATURE_WIFI ,:

  • [ 3.16 /H-1-1] DEVE supportare la funzione di abbinamento del dispositivo associato.

Se la funzione di navigazione viene fornita come azione sullo schermo basata sui gesti:

  • [ 7.2 .3/H] La zona di riconoscimento dei gesti per la funzione Home NON DOVREBBE essere più alta di 32 dp in altezza dalla parte inferiore dello schermo.

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili forniscono una funzione di navigazione come gesto da qualsiasi punto sui bordi sinistro e destro dello schermo:

  • [ 7.2 .3/H-0-1] L'area dei gesti della funzione di navigazione DEVE avere una larghezza inferiore a 40 dp su ciascun lato. L'area del gesto DOVREBBE avere una larghezza di 24 dp per impostazione predefinita.

2.2.4. Prestazioni e potenza

  • [ 8.1 /H-0-1] Latenza dei frame coerente . La latenza dei fotogrammi incoerente o un ritardo nel rendering dei fotogrammi NON DEVE verificarsi più spesso di 5 fotogrammi al secondo e DOVREBBE essere inferiore a 1 fotogramma al secondo.
  • [ 8.1 /H-0-2] Latenza dell'interfaccia utente . Le implementazioni del dispositivo DEVONO garantire un'esperienza utente a bassa latenza facendo scorrere un elenco di 10.000 voci come definito da Android Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) in meno di 36 secondi.
  • [ 8.1 /H-0-3] Cambio attività . Quando sono state avviate più applicazioni, il riavvio di un'applicazione già in esecuzione dopo che è stata avviata DEVE richiedere meno di 1 secondo.

Implementazioni di dispositivi portatili:

  • [ 8.2 /H-0-1] DEVE garantire prestazioni di scrittura sequenziale di almeno 5 MB/s.
  • [ 8.2 /H-0-2] DEVE garantire prestazioni di scrittura casuale di almeno 0,5 MB/s.
  • [ 8.2 /H-0-3] DEVE garantire una prestazione di lettura sequenziale di almeno 15 MB/s.
  • [ 8.2 /H-0-4] DEVE garantire prestazioni di lettura casuale di almeno 3,5 MB/s.

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili includono funzionalità per migliorare la gestione energetica del dispositivo incluse in AOSP o estendono le funzionalità incluse in AOSP, esse:

  • [ 8.3 /H-1-1] DEVE fornire all'utente la possibilità di abilitare e disabilitare la funzione di risparmio batteria.
  • [ 8.3 /H-1-2] DEVE fornire all'utente la possibilità di visualizzare tutte le app esentate dalle modalità App Standby e Doze di risparmio energetico.

Implementazioni di dispositivi portatili:

  • [ 8.4 /H-0-1] DEVE fornire un profilo energetico per componente che definisca il valore del consumo corrente per ciascun componente hardware e il consumo approssimativo della batteria causato dai componenti nel tempo, come documentato nel sito del progetto Android Open Source.
  • [ 8.4 /H-0-2] DEVE riportare tutti i valori di consumo energetico in milliampere ora (mAh).
  • [ 8.4 /H-0-3] DEVE riportare il consumo energetico della CPU per l'UID di ciascun processo. Il progetto Android Open Source soddisfa i requisiti attraverso l'implementazione del modulo kernel uid_cputime .
  • [ 8.4 /H-0-4] È NECESSARIO rendere disponibile questo consumo di energia tramite il comando shell adb shell dumpsys batterystats allo sviluppatore dell'app.
  • [ 8.4 /H] DOVREBBE essere attribuito al componente hardware stesso se non è possibile attribuire il consumo energetico del componente hardware a un'applicazione.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo portatile includono uno schermo o un'uscita video, queste:

2.2.5. Modello di sicurezza

Implementazioni di dispositivi portatili:

  • [ 9.1 /H-0-1] DEVE consentire alle app di terze parti di accedere alle statistiche di utilizzo tramite l'autorizzazione android.permission.PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS e fornire un meccanismo accessibile all'utente per concedere o revocare l'accesso a tali app in risposta ad android.settings.ACTION_USAGE_ACCESS_SETTINGS intento.

Implementazioni di dispositivi portatili (* Non applicabile per Tablet):

  • [ 9.11 /H-0-2]* DEVE eseguire il backup dell'implementazione del keystore con un ambiente di esecuzione isolato.
  • [ 9.11 /H-0-3]* DEVE avere implementazioni di algoritmi crittografici RSA, AES, ECDSA e HMAC e funzioni hash della famiglia MD5, SHA1 e SHA-2 per supportare adeguatamente gli algoritmi supportati dal sistema Android Keystore in un'area che è isolato in modo sicuro dal codice in esecuzione sul kernel e versioni successive. L'isolamento sicuro DEVE bloccare tutti i potenziali meccanismi attraverso i quali il codice del kernel o dello spazio utente potrebbe accedere allo stato interno dell'ambiente isolato, incluso DMA. Il progetto Android Open Source (AOSP) upstream soddisfa questo requisito utilizzando l'implementazione Trusty , ma un'altra soluzione basata su ARM TrustZone o un'implementazione sicura rivista da terze parti di un adeguato isolamento basato su hypervisor sono opzioni alternative.
  • [ 9.11 /H-0-4]* DEVE eseguire l'autenticazione della schermata di blocco nell'ambiente di esecuzione isolato e, solo in caso di esito positivo, consentire l'utilizzo delle chiavi associate all'autenticazione. Le credenziali della schermata di blocco DEVONO essere archiviate in modo da consentire solo all'ambiente di esecuzione isolato di eseguire l'autenticazione della schermata di blocco. Il progetto Android Open Source originale fornisce Gatekeeper Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) e Trusty, che possono essere utilizzati per soddisfare questo requisito.
  • [ 9.11 /H-0-5]* DEVE supportare l'attestazione della chiave in cui la chiave di firma dell'attestazione è protetta da hardware sicuro e la firma viene eseguita in hardware sicuro. Le chiavi di firma dell'attestazione DEVONO essere condivise su un numero sufficientemente ampio di dispositivi per impedire che le chiavi vengano utilizzate come identificatori del dispositivo. Un modo per soddisfare questo requisito è condividere la stessa chiave di attestazione a meno che non vengano prodotte almeno 100.000 unità di un determinato SKU. Se vengono prodotte più di 100.000 unità di uno SKU, PUÒ essere utilizzata una chiave diversa per ogni 100.000 unità.

Tieni presente che se l'implementazione di un dispositivo è già avviata su una versione precedente di Android, tale dispositivo è esentato dall'obbligo di avere un archivio chiavi supportato da un ambiente di esecuzione isolato e supportare l'attestazione della chiave, a meno che non dichiari la funzionalità android.hardware.fingerprint che richiede un archivio chiavi supportato da un ambiente di esecuzione isolato.

Quando le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili supportano una schermata di blocco sicura,:

  • [ 9.11 /H-1-1] DEVE consentire all'utente di scegliere il timeout di sospensione più breve, ovvero un tempo di transizione dallo stato sbloccato a quello bloccato, pari a 15 secondi o meno.
  • [ 9.11 /H-1-2] DEVE fornire all'utente la possibilità di nascondere le notifiche e disabilitare tutte le forme di autenticazione ad eccezione dell'autenticazione primaria descritta in 9.11.1 Schermata di blocco sicuro . L'AOSP soddisfa i requisiti della modalità di blocco.

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili includono più utenti e non dichiarano il flag della funzionalità android.hardware.telephony , essi:

  • [ 9.5 /H-2-1] DEVE supportare i profili limitati, una funzionalità che consente ai proprietari del dispositivo di gestire utenti aggiuntivi e le loro funzionalità sul dispositivo. Con i profili limitati, i proprietari dei dispositivi possono configurare rapidamente ambienti separati in cui altri utenti possono lavorare, con la possibilità di gestire restrizioni più dettagliate nelle app disponibili in tali ambienti.

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi portatili includono più utenti e dichiarano il flag della funzionalità android.hardware.telephony , essi:

  • [ 9.5 /H-3-1] NON DEVE supportare profili limitati ma DEVE allinearsi con l'implementazione AOSP dei controlli per abilitare/disabilitare altri utenti dall'accesso alle chiamate vocali e agli SMS.

2.2.6. Compatibilità con strumenti e opzioni per sviluppatori

Implementazioni di dispositivi portatili (* Non applicabile per Tablet):

  • [ 6.1 /H-0-1]* DEVE supportare il comando di shell cmd testharness .

Implementazioni di dispositivi portatili (* Non applicabile per Tablet):

2.3. Requisiti televisivi

Un dispositivo Android Television si riferisce a un'implementazione del dispositivo Android che è un'interfaccia di intrattenimento per la fruizione di media digitali, film, giochi, app e/o TV in diretta per utenti seduti a circa tre metri di distanza (un "utente rilassato" o "utente di 10 piedi" interfaccia").

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi Android sono classificate come televisori se soddisfano tutti i seguenti criteri:

  • Hanno fornito un meccanismo per controllare in remoto l'interfaccia utente renderizzata sul display che potrebbe trovarsi a tre metri di distanza dall'utente.
  • Avere uno schermo incorporato con una diagonale maggiore di 24 pollici OPPURE includere una porta di uscita video, come VGA, HDMI, DisplayPort o una porta wireless per il display.

I requisiti aggiuntivi nel resto di questa sezione sono specifici per le implementazioni dei dispositivi Android Television.

2.3.1. Hardware

Implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo:

  • [ 7.2 .2/T-0-1] DEVE supportare il D-pad .
  • [ 7.2 .3/T-0-1] DEVE fornire le funzioni Home e Back.
  • [ 7.2 .3/T-0-2] DEVE inviare sia l'evento normale che quello di pressione prolungata della funzione Back ( KEYCODE_BACK ) all'applicazione in primo piano.
  • [ 7.2 .6.1/T-0-1] DEVE includere il supporto per i controller di gioco e dichiarare il flag della funzionalità android.hardware.gamepad .
  • [ 7.2 .7/T] DOVREBBE fornire un telecomando dal quale gli utenti possano accedere alla navigazione non touch e agli input dei tasti di navigazione principali .

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo includono un giroscopio a 3 assi, questi:

  • [ 7.3 .4/T-1-1] DEVE essere in grado di segnalare eventi fino ad una frequenza di almeno 100 Hz.
  • [ 7.3 .4/T-1-2] DEVE essere in grado di misurare cambiamenti di orientamento fino a 1000 gradi al secondo.

Implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo:

  • [ 7.4 .3/T-0-1] DEVE supportare Bluetooth e Bluetooth LE.
  • [ 7.6 .1/T-0-1] DEVE avere almeno 4 GB di spazio di archiviazione non volatile disponibile per i dati privati ​​dell'applicazione (nota anche come partizione "/data").

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo includono una porta USB che supporta la modalità host,:

  • [ 7.5 .3/T-1-1] DEVE includere il supporto per una fotocamera esterna che si collega tramite questa porta USB ma non è necessariamente sempre connessa.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo TV sono a 32 bit:

  • [ 7.6 .1/T-1-1] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente DEVE essere almeno 896 MB se viene utilizzata una delle seguenti densità:

    • 400 dpi o superiore su schermi piccoli/normali
    • xhdpi o superiore su schermi di grandi dimensioni
    • tvdpi o superiore su schermi extra large

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo TV sono a 64 bit:

  • [ 7.6 .1/T-2-1] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente DEVE essere almeno 1280 MB se viene utilizzata una delle seguenti densità:

    • 400 dpi o superiore su schermi piccoli/normali
    • xhdpi o superiore su schermi di grandi dimensioni
    • tvdpi o superiore su schermi extra large

Si noti che la "memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente" sopra si riferisce allo spazio di memoria fornito in aggiunta a qualsiasi memoria già dedicata a componenti hardware come radio, video e così via che non sono sotto il controllo del kernel sulle implementazioni del dispositivo.

Implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo:

  • [ 7.8 .1/T] DOVREBBE includere un microfono.
  • [ 7.8 .2/T-0-1] DEVE avere un'uscita audio e dichiarare android.hardware.audio.output .

2.3.2. Multimedia

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi televisivi DEVONO supportare i seguenti formati di codifica e decodifica audio e renderli disponibili per applicazioni di terze parti:

  • [ 5.1 /T-0-1] Profilo MPEG-4 AAC (AAC LC)
  • [ 5.1 /T-0-2] Profilo MPEG-4 HE AAC (AAC+)
  • [ 5.1 /T-0-3] AAC ELD (AAC a basso ritardo migliorato)

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi televisivi DEVONO supportare i seguenti formati di codifica video e renderli disponibili per applicazioni di terze parti:

  • [ 5.2 /T-0-1] H.264
  • [ 5.2 /T-0-2] PV8

Implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo:

  • [ 5.2 .2/T-SR] Sono FORTEMENTE CONSIGLIATI per supportare la codifica H.264 di video con risoluzione 720p e 1080p a 30 fotogrammi al secondo.

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi televisivi DEVONO supportare i seguenti formati di decodifica video e renderli disponibili ad applicazioni di terze parti:

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi televisivi DEVONO supportare la decodifica MPEG-2, come dettagliato nella Sezione 5.3.1, a frame rate video standard e risoluzioni fino a:

  • [ 5.3.1 /T-1-1] HD 1080p a 29,97 fotogrammi al secondo con profilo principale di alto livello.
  • [ 5.3.1 /T-1-2] HD 1080i a 59,94 fotogrammi al secondo con profilo principale di alto livello. DEVONO deinterlacciare il video MPEG-2 interlacciato e renderlo disponibile ad applicazioni di terze parti.

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi televisivi DEVONO supportare la decodifica H.264, come dettagliato nella Sezione 5.3.4, a frame rate video standard e risoluzioni fino a:

  • [ 5.3.4 /T-1-1] HD 1080p a 60 fotogrammi al secondo con profilo di base
  • [ 5.3.4 /T-1-2] HD 1080p a 60 fotogrammi al secondo con profilo principale
  • [ 5.3.4 /T-1-3] HD 1080p a 60 fotogrammi al secondo con profilo elevato livello 4.2

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi televisivi con decodificatori hardware H.265 DEVONO supportare la decodifica H.265, come dettagliato nella Sezione 5.3.5, a frame rate e risoluzioni video standard fino a:

  • [ 5.3.5 /T-1-1] HD 1080p a 60 fotogrammi al secondo con profilo principale livello 4.1

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo con decoder hardware H.265 supportano la decodifica H.265 e il profilo di decodifica UHD,:

  • [ 5.3.5 /T-2-1] DEVE supportare il profilo di decodifica UHD a 60 fotogrammi al secondo con il profilo Main10 Level 5 Main Tier.

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi televisivi DEVONO supportare la decodifica VP8, come dettagliato nella Sezione 5.3.6, a frame rate video standard e risoluzioni fino a:

  • [ 5.3.6 /T-1-1] Profilo di decodifica HD 1080p a 60 fotogrammi al secondo

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi televisivi con decoder hardware VP9 DEVONO supportare la decodifica VP9, ​​come dettagliato nella Sezione 5.3.7, a frame rate video standard e risoluzioni fino a:

  • [ 5.3.7 /T-1-1] HD 1080p a 60 fotogrammi al secondo con profilo 0 (profondità colore 8 bit)

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo con decoder hardware VP9 supportano la decodifica VP9 e il profilo di decodifica UHD,:

  • [ 5.3.7 /T-2-1] DEVE supportare il profilo di decodifica UHD a 60 fotogrammi al secondo con profilo 0 (profondità colore 8 bit).
  • [ 5.3.7 /T-2-1] È FORTEMENTE CONSIGLIATO supportare il profilo di decodifica UHD a 60 fotogrammi al secondo con il profilo 2 (profondità colore 10 bit).

Implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo:

  • [ 5.5 /T-0-1] DEVE includere il supporto per il volume principale del sistema e l'attenuazione del volume dell'uscita audio digitale sulle uscite supportate, ad eccezione dell'uscita passthrough audio compresso (dove sul dispositivo non viene eseguita alcuna decodifica audio).

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo non dispongono di uno schermo integrato, ma supportano invece uno schermo esterno collegato tramite HDMI,:

  • [ 5.8 /T-0-1] È NECESSARIO impostare la modalità di uscita HDMI per selezionare la risoluzione massima che può essere supportata con una frequenza di aggiornamento di 50Hz o 60Hz.
  • [ 5.8 /T-SR] È FORTEMENTE CONSIGLIATO fornire un selettore della frequenza di aggiornamento HDMI configurabile dall'utente.
  • [ 5.8 ] DOVREBBE impostare la frequenza di aggiornamento della modalità di uscita HDMI su 50 Hz o 60 Hz, a seconda della frequenza di aggiornamento video per la regione in cui viene venduto il dispositivo.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo non dispongono di uno schermo integrato, ma supportano invece uno schermo esterno collegato tramite HDMI,:

  • [ 5.8 /T-1-1] DEVE supportare HDCP 2.2.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo non supportano la decodifica UHD, ma supportano invece uno schermo esterno collegato tramite HDMI,:

  • [ 5.8 /T-2-1] DEVE supportare HDCP 1.4

2.3.3. Software

Implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo:

  • [ 3 /T-0-1] DEVE dichiarare le funzionalità android.software.leanback e android.hardware.type.television .
  • [ 3.4 .1/T-0-1] DEVE fornire un'implementazione completa dell'API android.webkit.Webview .

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo Android Television supportano una schermata di blocco,:

  • [ 3.8 .10/T-1-1] DEVE visualizzare le notifiche della schermata di blocco incluso il modello di notifica multimediale.

Implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo:

  • [ 3.8 .14/T-SR] Sono FORTEMENTE CONSIGLIATI per supportare la modalità immagine nell'immagine (PIP) multifinestra.
  • [ 3.10 /T-0-1] DEVE supportare servizi di accessibilità di terze parti.
  • [ 3.10 /T-SR] Si CONSIGLIA FORTEMENTE di precaricare servizi di accessibilità sul dispositivo paragonabili o superiori alle funzionalità dei servizi di accessibilità Switch Access e TalkBack (per le lingue supportate dal motore di sintesi vocale preinstallato) come fornito nel talkback aperto progetto sorgente .

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi televisivi riportano la funzionalità android.hardware.audio.output , essi:

  • [ 3.11 /T-SR] È FORTEMENTE CONSIGLIATO includere un motore TTS che supporti le lingue disponibili sul dispositivo.
  • [ 3.11 /T-1-1] DEVE supportare l'installazione di motori TTS di terze parti.

Implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo:

  • [ 3.12 /T-0-1] DEVE supportare TV Input Framework.

2.3.4. Prestazioni e potenza

  • [ 8.1 /T-0-1] Latenza frame coerente . La latenza dei fotogrammi incoerente o un ritardo nel rendering dei fotogrammi NON DEVE verificarsi più spesso di 5 fotogrammi al secondo e DOVREBBE essere inferiore a 1 fotogramma al secondo.
  • [ 8.2 /T-0-1] DEVE garantire prestazioni di scrittura sequenziale di almeno 5 MB/s.
  • [ 8.2 /T-0-2] DEVE garantire prestazioni di scrittura casuale di almeno 0,5 MB/s.
  • [ 8.2 /T-0-3] DEVE garantire prestazioni di lettura sequenziale di almeno 15 MB/s.
  • [ 8.2 /T-0-4] DEVE garantire prestazioni di lettura casuale di almeno 3,5 MB/s.

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi televisivi includono funzionalità per migliorare la gestione energetica del dispositivo incluse in AOSP o estendono le funzionalità incluse in AOSP, esse:

  • [ 8.3 /T-1-1] DEVE fornire all'utente la possibilità di abilitare e disabilitare la funzione di risparmio batteria.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo non dispongono di batteria:

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo dispongono di una batteria:

  • [ 8.3 /T-1-3] DEVE fornire all'utente la possibilità di visualizzare tutte le app esentate dalle modalità App Standby e Doze di risparmio energetico.

Implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo:

  • [ 8.4 /T-0-1] DEVE fornire un profilo energetico per componente che definisca il valore del consumo corrente per ciascun componente hardware e il consumo approssimativo della batteria causato dai componenti nel tempo, come documentato nel sito del progetto Android Open Source.
  • [ 8.4 /T-0-2] DEVE riportare tutti i valori di consumo energetico in milliampere ora (mAh).
  • [ 8.4 /T-0-3] DEVE riportare il consumo energetico della CPU per l'UID di ciascun processo. Il progetto Android Open Source soddisfa i requisiti attraverso l'implementazione del modulo kernel uid_cputime .
  • [ 8.4 /T] DOVREBBE essere attribuito al componente hardware stesso se non è possibile attribuire il consumo energetico del componente hardware a un'applicazione.
  • [ 8.4 /T-0-4] È NECESSARIO rendere disponibile questo consumo di energia tramite il comando shell adb shell dumpsys batterystats allo sviluppatore dell'app.

2.3.5. Modello di sicurezza

Implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo:

  • [ 9.11 /T-0-1] DEVE eseguire il backup dell'implementazione del keystore con un ambiente di esecuzione isolato.
  • [ 9.11 /T-0-2] devono avere implementazioni di algoritmi crittografici RSA, AES, ECDSA e HMAC e funzioni di hash della famiglia SHA-2 per sostenere correttamente gli algoritmi supportati dal sistema Android Dal codice in esecuzione sul kernel e superiore. L'isolamento sicuro deve bloccare tutti i potenziali meccanismi mediante i quali il codice dello spazio del kernel o degli utenti potrebbe accedere allo stato interno dell'ambiente isolato, incluso DMA. Il progetto Open Source (AOSP) a monte soddisfa questo requisito utilizzando l'implementazione fidata , ma un'altra soluzione basata su ARM TrustZone o un'implementazione sicura esaminata di terze parti di un adeguato isolamento basato su hypervisor sono opzioni alternative.
  • [ 9.11 /T-0-3] deve eseguire l'autenticazione della schermata di blocco nell'ambiente di esecuzione isolato e solo quando ha successo, consentire l'utilizzo delle chiavi legate all'autenticazione. Le credenziali della schermata di blocco devono essere archiviate in modo da consentire solo all'ambiente di esecuzione isolato di eseguire l'autenticazione della schermata di blocco. Il progetto open source Android a monte fornisce il livello di astrazione hardware (HAL) e fiduciario Gatekeeper , che possono essere utilizzati per soddisfare questo requisito.
  • [ 9.11 /T-0-4] deve supportare l'attenzione chiave in cui il tasto di firma di attestazione è protetto da hardware sicuro e la firma viene eseguita in hardware sicuro. Le chiavi di firma di attestazione devono essere condivise su un numero sufficiente di dispositivi sufficiente per evitare che le chiavi vengano utilizzate come identificatori del dispositivo. Un modo per soddisfare questo requisito è quello di condividere la stessa chiave di attestazione a meno che non vengano prodotte almeno 100.000 unità di un determinato SKU. Se vengono prodotte più di 100.000 unità di SKU, una chiave diversa può essere utilizzata per ogni 100.000 unità.

Si noti che se un'implementazione di un dispositivo è già lanciata su una precedente versione Android, tale dispositivo è esonerato dal requisito per avere un keystore supportato da un ambiente di esecuzione isolato e supportare l'attestazione chiave, a meno che non dichiari la funzione android.hardware.fingerprint di cui Richiede un keystore supportato da un ambiente di esecuzione isolato.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo supportano una schermata di blocco sicuro, loro:

  • [ 9.11 /T-1-1] deve consentire all'utente di scegliere il timeout di sonno per la transizione dallo stato sbloccato allo stato bloccato, con un timeout minimo consentito fino a 15 secondi o meno.

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi televisivi includono più utenti e non dichiarano il flag di funzionalità android.hardware.telephony , loro:

  • [ 9.5 /T-2-1] deve supportare profili limitati, una funzionalità che consente ai proprietari di dispositivi di gestire ulteriori utenti e le loro capacità sul dispositivo. Con i profili limitati, i proprietari di dispositivi possono impostare rapidamente ambienti separati in cui altri utenti in cui lavorare, con la possibilità di gestire restrizioni a grana più fine nelle app disponibili in tali ambienti.

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi televisivi includono più utenti e dichiarano il flag di funzionalità android.hardware.telephony , loro:

  • [ 9.5 /T-3-1] non devono supportare i profili limitati ma deve allinearsi con l'implementazione AOSP dei controlli per consentire /disabilitare altri utenti dall'accesso alle chiamate vocali e agli SMS.

2.3.6. Strumenti per sviluppatori e compatibilità delle opzioni

Implementazioni del dispositivo televisivo:

2.4. Guarda i requisiti

Un dispositivo Android Watch si riferisce a un'implementazione del dispositivo Android destinata ad essere indossata sul corpo, magari al polso.

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi Android sono classificate come Watch se soddisfano tutti i seguenti criteri:

  • Avere uno schermo con una lunghezza diagonale fisica compresa tra 1,1 e 2,5 pollici.
  • Avere un meccanismo fornito per essere indossato sul corpo.

I requisiti aggiuntivi nel resto di questa sezione sono specifici per le implementazioni dei dispositivi Android Watch.

2.4.1. Hardware

Guarda le implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [ 7.1 .1.1/W-0-1] deve avere una schermata con la dimensione diagonale fisica nell'intervallo da 1,1 a 2,5 pollici.

  • [ 7.2 .3/W-0-1] deve avere la funzione Home disponibile per l'utente e la funzione posteriore ad eccezione di quando è in UI_MODE_TYPE_WATCH .

  • [ 7.2 .4/W-0-1] deve supportare l'input touchscreen.

  • [ 7.3 .1/W-SR] sono fortemente raccomandati per includere un accelerometro a 3 assi.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo di osservazione includono un ricevitore GPS/GNSS e segnala la capacità di applicazioni tramite android.hardware.location.gps Flag di funzionalità, loro:

  • [ 7.3 .3/W-1-1] deve segnalare le misurazioni GNSS, non appena vengono trovate, anche se non viene ancora segnalata una posizione calcolata da GPS/GNSS.
  • [ 7.3 .3/W-1-2] deve segnalare pseudoranne GNSS e tassi di pseudorange, che, in condizioni di cielo aperto dopo aver determinato la posizione, mentre stazionario o muoversi con meno di 0,2 metri al secondo al quadrato di accelerazione, sono sufficienti per essere calcolati posizione entro 20 metri e velocità entro 0,2 metri al secondo, almeno il 95% delle volte.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo di guardia includono un giroscopio a 3 assi, loro:

  • [ 7.3 .4/W-2-1] deve essere in grado di misurare le variazioni di orientamento fino a 1000 gradi al secondo.

Guarda le implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [ 7.4 .3/W-0-1] deve supportare il Bluetooth.

  • [ 7.6 .1/W-0-1] deve avere almeno 1 GB di archiviazione non volatile disponibile per i dati privati ​​dell'applicazione (aka "/dati").

  • [ 7.6 .1/W-0-2] deve avere una memoria di almeno 416 MB a disposizione del kernel e dello spazio utenti.

  • [ 7.8 .1/W-0-1] deve includere un microfono.

  • [ 7.8 .2/w] può ma non dovrebbe avere output audio.

2.4.2. Multimedia

Nessun requisito aggiuntivo.

2.4.3. Software

Guarda le implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [ 3 /W-0-1] deve dichiarare la funzione android.hardware.type.watch .
  • [ 3 /w-0-2] deve supportare uimode = ui_mode_type_watch .

Guarda le implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [ 3.8 .4/W-SR] sono fortemente raccomandati di implementare un assistente sul dispositivo per gestire l' azione di assistenza .

Guarda le implementazioni dei dispositivi che dichiarano il flag della funzionalità android.hardware.audio.output :

  • [ 3.10 /W-1-1] deve supportare i servizi di accessibilità di terze parti.
  • [ 3.10 /W-SR] sono fortemente consigliati ai servizi di accessibilità precaricati sul dispositivo paragonabili o superano la funzionalità dell'accesso a Switch e del talkback (per le lingue supportate dai servizi di accessibilità text-to-speech preinstallati come previsto nel talkback aperto Progetto di origine .

  • [ 3.11 /W-SR] si consiglia vivamente di includere un motore TTS a supporto delle lingue disponibili sul dispositivo.

  • [ 3.11 /W-0-1] deve supportare l'installazione di motori TTS di terze parti.

2.4.4. Prestazioni e potenza

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo di guardia includono funzionalità per migliorare la gestione dell'alimentazione del dispositivo incluse in AOSP o estendere le funzionalità incluse in AOSP, loro:

  • [ 8.3 /W-SR] sono fortemente raccomandati per fornire la convenienza degli utenti per visualizzare tutte le app che sono esentate dalle modalità di applicazione delle app e doze.
  • [ 8.3 /W-SR] sono fortemente raccomandati per fornire la convenienza degli utenti per abilitare e disabilitare la funzione di risparmiare batteria.

Guarda le implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [ 8.4 /W-0-1] deve fornire un profilo di alimentazione per componente che definisce il valore di consumo corrente per ciascun componente hardware e il drenaggio approssimativo della batteria causata dai componenti nel tempo come documentato nel sito del progetto open source Android.
  • [ 8.4 /W-0-2] deve segnalare tutti i valori del consumo di energia nelle ore di milliampere (MAH).
  • [ 8.4 /W-0-3] deve segnalare il consumo di energia della CPU per UID di ciascun processo. Il progetto Android Open Source soddisfa i requisiti attraverso l'implementazione del modulo kernel uid_cputime .
  • [ 8.4 /W-0-4] deve rendere disponibile questo utilizzo di alimentazione tramite il comando adb shell dumpsys batterystats per lo sviluppatore di app.
  • [ 8.4 /w] dovrebbe essere attribuito al componente hardware stesso se non è in grado di attribuire l'utilizzo dell'alimentazione del componente hardware a un'applicazione.

2.4.5. Modello di sicurezza

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo di guardia includono più utenti e non dichiarano il flag di funzionalità android.hardware.telephony , loro:

  • [ 9.5 /W-1-1] deve supportare profili limitati, una funzionalità che consente ai proprietari di dispositivi di gestire ulteriori utenti e le loro capacità sul dispositivo. Con i profili limitati, i proprietari di dispositivi possono impostare rapidamente ambienti separati in cui altri utenti in cui lavorare, con la possibilità di gestire restrizioni a grana più fine nelle app disponibili in tali ambienti.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo di guardia includono più utenti e dichiarano il flag di funzionalità android.hardware.telephony , loro:

  • [ 9.5 /W-2-1] non deve supportare i profili limitati ma deve allinearsi con l'implementazione AOSP dei controlli per consentire /disabilitare gli altri utenti di accedere alle chiamate vocali e agli SMS.

2.5. Requisiti automobilistici

L'implementazione di Android Automotive si riferisce a un'unità principale del veicolo che esegue Android come sistema operativo per parte o tutte le funzionalità del sistema e/o di infotainment.

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi Android sono classificate come Automotive se dichiarano la funzionalità android.hardware.type.automotive o soddisfano tutti i seguenti criteri.

  • Sono incorporati come parte o collegabili a un veicolo automobilistico.
  • Stanno utilizzando uno schermo nella fila del sedile del conducente come display principale.

I requisiti aggiuntivi nel resto di questa sezione sono specifici per le implementazioni dei dispositivi Android Automotive.

2.5.1. Hardware

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

  • [ 7.1 .1.1/A-0-1] deve avere una schermata di almeno 6 pollici di dimensioni diagonali fisiche.
  • [ 7.1 .1.1/A-0-2] deve avere un layout delle dimensioni dello schermo di almeno 750 dp x 480 dp.

  • [ 7.2 .3/A-0-1] deve fornire la funzione domestica e può fornire funzioni indietro e recenti.

  • [ 7.2 .3/A-0-2] deve inviare sia l'evento di stampa normale che a lungo della funzione posteriore ( KEYCODE_BACK ) all'applicazione in primo piano.
  • [ 7.3 /A-0-1] deve implementare e segnalare GEAR_SELECTION , NIGHT_MODE , PERF_VEHICLE_SPEED ​​e PARKING_BRAKE_ON .
  • [ 7.3 /A-0-2] Il valore del flag NIGHT_MODE deve essere coerente con la modalità Day /Night Dashboard e deve essere basato sull'ingresso del sensore di luce ambientale. Il sensore di luce ambientale sottostante PUÒ essere lo stesso del Fotometro .
  • [ 7.3 /A-0-3] deve fornire informazioni su ulteriori informazioni Field TYPE_SENSOR_PLACEMENT come parte di SensoraDditionalInfo per ogni sensore fornito.
  • [ 7.3 /A-0-1] può essere morta la posizione fondendo GPS /GNS con sensori aggiuntivi. Se la posizione è morta calca, si consiglia vivamente di implementare e segnalare i tipi di sensori corrispondenti e/o gli ID della proprietà del veicolo utilizzati.
  • [ 7.3 /A-0-2] La posizione richiesta tramite PublayManager#requestLocationUpdates () non deve essere abbinata alla mappa.

Se le implementazioni dei dispositivi automobilistici includono un accelerometro a 3 assi, questi:

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo automobilistico includono un giroscopio a 3 assi, loro:

  • [ 7.3 .4/A-2-1] deve essere in grado di segnalare eventi fino a una frequenza di almeno 100 Hz.
  • [ 7.3 .4/A-2-2] deve anche implementare il sensore TYPE_GYROSCOPE_UNCALIBRATED .
  • [ 7.3 .4/A-2-3] deve essere in grado di misurare le variazioni di orientamento fino a 250 gradi al secondo.
  • [ 7.3 .4/A-SR] sono fortemente raccomandati per configurare l'intervallo di misurazione del giroscopio a +/- 250 dps al fine di massimizzare la risoluzione possibile

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

  • [ 7.4 .3/A-0-1] deve supportare Bluetooth e dovrebbe supportare Bluetooth Le.
  • [ 7.4 .3/A-0-2] Le implementazioni automobilistiche Android devono supportare i seguenti profili Bluetooth:

    • Chiamata telefonica tramite profilo a mani libere (HFP).
    • Riproduzione multimediale tramite il profilo di distribuzione audio (A2DP).
    • Controllo della riproduzione multimediale sul profilo di controllo remoto (AVRCP).
    • Contatta la condivisione utilizzando il profilo di accesso della rubrica (PBAP).
  • [ 7.4 .3/A-SR] sono fortemente consigliati per supportare il profilo di accesso ai messaggi (MAP).

  • [ 7.4 .5/A] dovrebbe includere il supporto per la connettività dati basata sulla rete cellulare.

  • [ 7.4 .5/A] può utilizzare la costante di sistema API di sistema API NetworkCapabilities#NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID costante per le reti disponibili per le app di sistema.

Una videocamera esterna è una fotocamera che immagina scene al di fuori dell'implementazione del dispositivo, come una dashcam.

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

  • Dovrebbe includere una o più telecamere di vista esterne.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo automobilistico includono una fotocamera esterna, per tale fotocamera, loro:

  • [ 7.5 /A-1-1] non deve avere le telecamere di vista esterne accessibili tramite le API della telecamera Android , a meno che non rispettino i requisiti del core della fotocamera.
  • [ 7.5 /A-SR] si consiglia vivamente di non ruotare o rispecchiare orizzontalmente l'anteprima della fotocamera.
  • [ 7.5 .5/A-SR] si consiglia vivamente di essere orientati in modo che la lunga dimensione della telecamera si allinei con l'orizzonte.
  • [ 7.5 /A-SR] si consiglia vivamente di avere una risoluzione di almeno 1,3 megapixel.
  • Dovrebbe avere hardware a fuoco fisso o edof (profondità estesa).
  • Può avere un focus automatico hardware o un software automatico implementato nel driver della fotocamera.

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

  • [ 7.6 .1/A-0-1] deve avere almeno 4 GB di archiviazione non volatile disponibile per i dati privati ​​dell'applicazione (aka "/dati").

  • [ 7.6 .1/A] dovrebbe formattare la partizione di dati per offrire prestazioni e longevità migliorate durante l'archiviazione flash, ad esempio utilizzando il sistema file f2fs .

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo automobilistico forniscono un'archiviazione esterna condivisa tramite una parte della memoria interna non rimovibile, loro:

  • [ 7.6 .1/A-SR] sono fortemente raccomandati per ridurre le spese generali di I/O sulle operazioni eseguite sull'archiviazione esterna, ad esempio utilizzando SDCardFS .

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo automobilistico sono a 32 bit:

  • [ 7.6 .1/A-1-1] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utenti deve essere almeno 512 MB se viene utilizzata una delle seguenti densità:

    • 280 dpi o più bassi sugli schermi piccoli/normali
    • LDPI o inferiore su schermi extra grandi
    • MDPI o inferiore su schermi di grandi dimensioni
  • [ 7.6 .1/A-1-2] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utenti deve essere almeno 608 MB se viene utilizzata una delle seguenti densità:

    • XHDPI o superiore su schermi piccoli/normali
    • HDPI o superiore su schermi di grandi dimensioni
    • MDPI o superiore su schermi extra grandi
  • [ 7.6 .1/A-1-3] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utenti deve essere almeno 896 MB se viene utilizzata una delle seguenti densità:

    • 400 dpi o superiore su schermi piccoli/normali
    • xhdpi o superiore su schermi di grandi dimensioni
    • TVDPI o superiore su schermi extra grandi
  • [ 7.6 .1/A-1-4] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utenti deve essere almeno 1344 MB se viene utilizzata una delle seguenti densità:

    • 560 dpi o superiore su schermi piccoli/normali
    • 400 dpi o superiore su schermi di grandi dimensioni
    • xhdpi o superiore su schermi extra grandi

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo automobilistico sono a 64 bit:

  • [ 7.6 .1/A-2-1] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utenti deve essere almeno 816 MB se viene utilizzata una delle seguenti densità:

    • 280 dpi o più bassi sugli schermi piccoli/normali
    • LDPI o inferiore su schermi extra grandi
    • MDPI o inferiore su schermi di grandi dimensioni
  • [ 7.6 .1/A-2-2] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utenti deve essere almeno 944 MB se viene utilizzata una delle seguenti densità:

    • XHDPI o superiore su schermi piccoli/normali
    • HDPI o superiore su schermi di grandi dimensioni
    • MDPI o superiore su schermi extra grandi
  • [ 7.6 .1/A-2-3] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utenti deve essere almeno 1280 MB se viene utilizzata una delle seguenti densità:

    • 400 dpi o superiore su schermi piccoli/normali
    • xhdpi o superiore su schermi di grandi dimensioni
    • TVDPI o superiore su schermi extra grandi
  • [ 7.6 .1/A-2-4] La memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utenti deve essere almeno 1824 MB se viene utilizzata una delle seguenti densità:

    • 560 dpi o superiore su schermi piccoli/normali
    • 400 dpi o superiore su schermi di grandi dimensioni
    • xhdpi o superiore su schermi extra grandi

Si noti che la "memoria disponibile per il kernel e lo spazio utente" sopra si riferisce allo spazio di memoria fornito in aggiunta a qualsiasi memoria già dedicata a componenti hardware come radio, video e così via che non sono sotto il controllo del kernel sulle implementazioni del dispositivo.

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

  • [ 7.7 .1/A] dovrebbe includere una porta USB a supporto della modalità periferica.

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

  • [ 7.8 .1/A-0-1] deve includere un microfono.

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

  • [ 7.8 .2/A-0-1] deve avere un output audio e dichiarare android.hardware.audio.output .

2.5.2. Multimedia

Le implementazioni del dispositivo automobilistico devono supportare i seguenti formati di codifica e decodifica audio e renderli disponibili per applicazioni di terze parti:

  • [ 5.1 /A-0-1] Profilo AAC MPEG-4 (AAC LC)
  • [ 5.1 /A-0-2] MPEG-4 HE Profilo AAC (AAC+)
  • [ 5.1 /A-0-3] AAC ELD (AAC a basso ritardo a basso ritardo)

Le implementazioni del dispositivo automobilistico devono supportare i seguenti formati di codifica video e renderli disponibili per applicazioni di terze parti:

  • [ 5.2 /A-0-1] H.264 AVC
  • [ 5.2 /A-0-2] VP8

Le implementazioni del dispositivo automobilistico devono supportare i seguenti formati di decodifica video e renderli disponibili per applicazioni di terze parti:

  • [ 5.3 /A-0-1] H.264 AVC
  • [ 5.3 /A-0-2] MPEG-4 SP
  • [ 5.3 /A-0-3] VP8
  • [ 5.3 /A-0-4] VP9

Le implementazioni del dispositivo automobilistico sono fortemente consigliati per supportare la seguente decodifica video:

  • [ 5.3 /a-sr] H.265 HEVC

2.5.3. Software

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

  • [ 3 /A-0-1] deve dichiarare la funzione android.hardware.type.automotive .

  • [ 3 /a-0-2] deve supportare uimode = UI_MODE_TYPE_CAR .

  • [ 3 /A-0-3] deve supportare tutte le API pubbliche nell'associazione android.car.* Names.

  • [ 3.2 .1/A-0-1] deve supportare e far rispettare tutte le costanti di autorizzazioni come documentato dalla pagina di riferimento dell'autorizzazione automobilistica .

  • [ 3.4 .1/A-0-1] deve fornire un'implementazione completa dell'API android.webkit.Webview .

  • [ 3.8 .3/A-0-1] devono visualizzare le notifiche che utilizzano l'API Notification.CarExtender quando richiesto da applicazioni di terze parti.

  • [ 3.8 .4/A-SR] sono fortemente raccomandati di implementare un assistente sul dispositivo per gestire l' azione di assistenza .

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo automobilistico includono un pulsante push-to-talk, loro:

  • [ 3.8 .4/A-1-1] deve utilizzare una breve pressione del pulsante push-to-talk come interazione designata per avviare l'app Assist selezionata dall'utente, in altre parole l'app che implementa VoiceInteractionService .

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

  • [ 3.8.3.1 /A-0-1] deve rendere correttamente le risorse come descritto nelle Notifications on Automotive OS .
  • [ 3.8.3.1 /A-0-2] deve visualizzare il gioco e disattivare le azioni di notifica al posto di quelle fornite tramite Notification.Builder.addAction()
  • [ 3.8.3.1 /a] dovrebbe limitare l'uso di ricchi compiti di gestione come i controlli per il canale per notificazione. Può utilizzare la convenienza dell'interfaccia utente per applicazione per ridurre i controlli.

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo automobilistico includono un'app di lancio predefinita, loro:

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

2.5.4. Prestazioni e potenza

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

  • [ 8.2 /A-0-1] deve segnalare il numero di byte letti e scritti in archiviazione non volatile per UID di ciascun processo in modo che le statistiche siano disponibili per gli sviluppatori tramite API di sistema android.car.storagemonitoring.CarStorageMonitoringManager . Il progetto open source Android soddisfa il requisito tramite il modulo kernel uid_sys_stats .
  • [ 8.3 /A-1-3] deve entrare in modalità garage almeno una volta prima che l'auto sia spenta.
  • [ 8.3 /A-1-4] deve essere in modalità garage per almeno 15 minuti a meno che:
    • La batteria è scaricata.
    • Non sono programmati lavori inattivi.
    • Il conducente esce dalla modalità garage.
  • [ 8.4 /A-0-1] deve fornire un profilo di alimentazione per componente che definisce il valore di consumo corrente per ciascun componente hardware e il drenaggio approssimativo della batteria causata dai componenti nel tempo come documentato nel sito del progetto open source Android.
  • [ 8.4 /A-0-2] deve segnalare tutti i valori del consumo di energia nelle ore di milliampere (MAH).
  • [ 8.4 /A-0-3] deve segnalare il consumo di energia della CPU per UID di ciascun processo. Il progetto Android Open Source soddisfa i requisiti attraverso l'implementazione del modulo kernel uid_cputime .
  • [ 8.4 /A] dovrebbe essere attribuito al componente hardware stesso se non è possibile attribuire il consumo di alimentazione del componente hardware a un'applicazione.
  • [ 8.4 /A-0-4] deve rendere disponibile questo utilizzo di alimentazione tramite il comando adb shell dumpsys batterystats per lo sviluppatore di app.

2.5.5. Modello di sicurezza

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo automobilistico supportano più utenti, loro:

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

  • [ 9.11 /A-0-1] deve eseguire il backup dell'implementazione di KeyStore con un ambiente di esecuzione isolato.
  • [ 9.11 /A-0-2] devono avere implementazioni di algoritmi crittografici RSA, AES, ECDSA e HMAC e funzioni di hash della famiglia SHA-2 per supportare correttamente gli algoritmi supportati da Android Keystore Dal codice in esecuzione sul kernel e superiore. L'isolamento sicuro deve bloccare tutti i potenziali meccanismi mediante i quali il codice dello spazio del kernel o degli utenti potrebbe accedere allo stato interno dell'ambiente isolato, incluso DMA. Il progetto Open Source (AOSP) a monte soddisfa questo requisito utilizzando l'implementazione fidata , ma un'altra soluzione basata su ARM TrustZone o un'implementazione sicura esaminata di terze parti di un adeguato isolamento basato su hypervisor sono opzioni alternative.
  • [ 9.11 /A-0-3] deve eseguire l'autenticazione della schermata di blocco nell'ambiente di esecuzione isolato e solo quando ha successo, consentire l'utilizzo delle chiavi legate all'autenticazione. Le credenziali della schermata di blocco devono essere archiviate in modo da consentire solo all'ambiente di esecuzione isolato di eseguire l'autenticazione della schermata di blocco. Il progetto open source Android a monte fornisce il livello di astrazione hardware (HAL) e fiduciario Gatekeeper , che possono essere utilizzati per soddisfare questo requisito.
  • [ 9.11 /A-0-4] deve supportare l'attenzione chiave in cui il tasto di firma di attestazione è protetto da hardware sicuro e la firma viene eseguita in hardware sicuro. Le chiavi di firma di attestazione devono essere condivise su un numero sufficiente di dispositivi sufficiente per evitare che le chiavi vengano utilizzate come identificatori del dispositivo. Un modo per soddisfare questo requisito è quello di condividere la stessa chiave di attestazione a meno che non vengano prodotte almeno 100.000 unità di un determinato SKU. Se vengono prodotte più di 100.000 unità di SKU, una chiave diversa può essere utilizzata per ogni 100.000 unità.

Si noti che se un'implementazione di un dispositivo è già lanciata su una precedente versione Android, tale dispositivo è esonerato dal requisito per avere un keystore supportato da un ambiente di esecuzione isolato e supportare l'attestazione chiave, a meno che non dichiari la funzione android.hardware.fingerprint di cui Richiede un keystore supportato da un ambiente di esecuzione isolato.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo automobilistico supportano una schermata di blocco sicuro, loro:

  • [ 9.11 /A-1-1] deve consentire all'utente di scegliere il timeout di sonno per la transizione dallo stato sbloccato allo stato bloccato, con un timeout minimo consentito fino a 15 secondi o meno.

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

  • [ 9.14 /A-0-1] devono essere i messaggi di gatekeep dai sottosistemi di veicoli Framework Android, ad esempio, consentire i tipi di messaggi consentiti e le fonti di messaggio consentite.
  • [ 9.14 /A-0-2] deve essere guardato contro gli attacchi di negazione dei servizi dal framework Android o app di terze parti. Queste guardie contro software dannoso che inondano la rete del veicolo con il traffico, che possono portare a malfunzionamenti di sottosistemi di veicoli.

2.5.6. Strumenti per sviluppatori e compatibilità delle opzioni

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

2.6. Requisiti di tablet

Un dispositivo tablet Android si riferisce a un'implementazione del dispositivo Android che soddisfa tutti i seguenti criteri:

  • In genere utilizzato tenendo in mano entrambe le mani.
  • Non ha una configurazione a convertibile o convertibile.
  • Qualsiasi implementazione della tastiera fisica utilizzata con il dispositivo deve connettersi mediante una connessione standard.
  • Ha una fonte di alimentazione che fornisce mobilità, come una batteria.
  • Ha una dimensione fisica diagonale dello schermo nell'intervallo da 7 a 18 pollici.

Le implementazioni dei dispositivi tablet hanno requisiti simili alle implementazioni del dispositivo portatile. Le eccezioni sono indicate da un * in quella sezione e indicate per riferimento in questa sezione.

2.6.1. Hardware

Dimensione dello schermo

  • [ 7.1 .1.1/tab-0-1] deve avere una schermata nell'intervallo da 7 a 18 pollici.

Giroscopio

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo tablet includono un giroscopio a 3 assi, loro:

  • [ 7.3 .4 /tab-1-1] deve essere in grado di misurare le variazioni di orientamento fino a 1000 gradi al secondo.

Memoria e spazio di archiviazione minimi (Sezione 7.6.1)

Le densità dello schermo elencate per schermate piccole/normali nei requisiti portatili non sono applicabili ai tablet.

Modalità periferica USB (Sezione 7.7.1)

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo tablet includono una porta USB che supporta la modalità periferica, loro:

  • [ 7.7.1 /tab] può implementare l'API Android Open Accessory (AOA).

Modalità realtà virtuale (sezione 7.9.1)

Realtà virtuale ad alte prestazioni (Sezione 7.9.2)

I requisiti di realtà virtuale non sono applicabili ai tablet.

2.6.2. Modello di sicurezza

Chiavi e credenziali (Sezione 9.11)

Fare riferimento alla sezione [ 9.11 ].

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo tablet includono più utenti e non dichiarano il flag di funzionalità android.hardware.telephony , loro:

  • [ 9.5 /T-1-1] deve supportare profili limitati, una funzionalità che consente ai proprietari di dispositivi di gestire ulteriori utenti e le loro capacità sul dispositivo. Con i profili limitati, i proprietari di dispositivi possono impostare rapidamente ambienti separati in cui altri utenti in cui lavorare, con la possibilità di gestire restrizioni a grana più fine nelle app disponibili in tali ambienti.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo tablet includono più utenti e dichiarano il flag di funzionalità android.hardware.telephony , loro:

  • [ 9.5 /T-2-1] non deve supportare i profili limitati ma deve allinearsi con l'implementazione AOSP dei controlli per consentire /disabilitare gli altri utenti di accedere alle chiamate vocali e agli SMS.

3. Software

3.1. Compatibilità API gestita

L'ambiente di esecuzione del bytecode Dalvik gestito è il veicolo principale per le applicazioni Android. L'API (Application Programming Interface) Android è l'insieme di interfacce della piattaforma Android esposte alle applicazioni in esecuzione nell'ambiente runtime gestito.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] deve fornire implementazioni complete, inclusi tutti i comportamenti documentati, di qualsiasi API documentata esposta dall'SDK Android o da qualsiasi API decorata con il marcatore "@systemapi" nel codice sorgente Android a monte.

  • [C-0-2] deve supportare/preservare tutte le classi, i metodi e gli elementi associati contrassegnati dall'annotazione Testapi (@testapi).

  • [C-0-3] non deve omettere alcuna API gestita, alterare le interfacce o firme API, divariare dal comportamento documentato o includere no-op, tranne dove consentito specificamente da questa definizione di compatibilità.

  • [C-0-4] deve comunque mantenere le API presenti e comportarsi in modo ragionevole, anche quando alcune funzionalità hardware per le quali Android includono le API sono omesse. Vedere la sezione 7 per i requisiti specifici per questo scenario.

  • [C-0-5] non deve consentire alle app di terze parti di utilizzare interfacce non SDK, che sono definite come metodi e campi nei pacchetti di lingue Java che si trovano nel percorso della classe di avvio in AOSP e che non fanno parte del SDK pubblico. Ciò include le API decorate con l'annotazione @hide ma non con un @SystemAPI , come descritto nei documenti SDK e membri della classe privati ​​e di pacchetto-privati.

  • [C-0-6] deve essere spedito con ogni e ogni interfaccia non SDK negli stessi elenchi limitati previsti dall'elenco provvisorio e flag denylist in prebuilts/runtime/appcompat/hiddenapi-flags.csv percorso per il ramo API appropriato nell'APS.

    Comunque: loro:

    • Può, se un'API nascosta è assente o implementata in modo diverso sull'implementazione del dispositivo, spostare l'API nascosta nel denylist o ometterela da tutte le liste limitate.
    • Può, se un'API nascosta non esiste già nell'APS, aggiungere l'API nascosta a una qualsiasi delle liste limitate.
  • [C-0-7] deve supportare il meccanismo di aggiornamento dinamico di configurazione firmato per rimuovere le interfacce non SDK da un elenco limitato incorporando la configurazione firmata in qualsiasi APK, utilizzando le chiavi pubbliche esistenti presenti in AOSP.

3.1.1. Estensioni Android

Android include il supporto di estendere le API gestite mantenendo la stessa versione a livello di API.

  • [C-0-1] Le implementazioni del dispositivo Android devono precaricare l'implementazione AOSP sia della libreria ExtShared che estservices ExtServices con versioni superiori o uguali alle versioni minime consentite per ciascun livello API. Ad esempio, le implementazioni del dispositivo Android 7.0, l'esecuzione del livello API 24 devono includere almeno la versione 1.

3.1.2. Biblioteca Android

A causa di Apache HTTP Client Deprecation , implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] non deve posizionare la libreria org.apache.http.legacy nel bootclasspath.
  • [C-0-2] deve aggiungere la libreria org.apache.http.legacy alla classe Applicazione solo quando l'app soddisfa una delle seguenti condizioni:
    • Bersaglio il livello API 28 o inferiore.
    • Dichiara nel suo manifest che ha bisogno della libreria impostando l'attributo android:name di <uses-library> su org.apache.http.legacy .

L'implementazione AOSP soddisfa questi requisiti.

3.2. Compatibilità API soft

Oltre alle API gestite della sezione 3.1 , Android include anche una significativa API "soft" solo in fase di runtime, sotto forma di intenti, autorizzazioni e aspetti simili delle applicazioni Android che non possono essere applicati in fase di compilazione dell'applicazione.

3.2.1. Autorizzazioni

  • [C-0-1] Gli implementatori di dispositivi devono supportare e far rispettare tutte le costanti di autorizzazione come documentato dalla pagina di riferimento dell'autorizzazione . Tieni presente che la sezione 9 elenca i requisiti aggiuntivi relativi al modello di sicurezza Android.

3.2.2. Costruisci parametri

Le API Android includono una serie di costanti sulla classe Android.os.Build che hanno lo scopo di descrivere il dispositivo corrente.

  • [C-0-1] Per fornire valori coerenti e significativi tra le implementazioni del dispositivo, la tabella seguente include ulteriori restrizioni sui formati di questi valori a cui le implementazioni del dispositivo devono essere conformi.
Parametro Dettagli
VERSIONE.RELEASE La versione del sistema Android attualmente in esecuzione, in formato leggibile dall'uomo. Questo campo deve avere uno dei valori di stringa definiti in 10 .
VERSIONE.SDK La versione del sistema Android attualmente in esecuzione, in un formato accessibile al codice dell'applicazione di terze parti. Per Android 10, questo campo deve avere il valore intero 10_int.
VERSIONE.SDK_INT La versione del sistema Android attualmente in esecuzione, in un formato accessibile al codice dell'applicazione di terze parti. Per Android 10, questo campo deve avere il valore intero 10_int.
VERSIONE.INCREMENTALE Un valore scelto dall'implementatore del dispositivo che designa la build specifica del sistema Android attualmente in esecuzione, in formato leggibile dall'uomo. Questo valore NON DEVE essere riutilizzato per build diverse rese disponibili agli utenti finali. Un utilizzo tipico di questo campo è indicare quale numero di build o identificatore di modifica del controllo del codice sorgente è stato utilizzato per generare la build. Il valore di questo campo deve essere codificabile come ASCII a 7 bit stampabile e abbinare l'espressione regolare “^ [^: \/~]+$”.
ASSE Un valore scelto dall'implementatore del dispositivo che identifica l'hardware interno specifico utilizzato dal dispositivo, in formato leggibile dall'uomo. Un possibile utilizzo di questo campo è quello di indicare la revisione specifica della scheda che alimenta il dispositivo. Il valore di questo campo DEVE essere codificabile come ASCII a 7 bit e corrispondere all'espressione regolare "^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$".
MARCA Un valore che riflette il nome del marchio associato al dispositivo come noto agli utenti finali. DEVE essere in un formato leggibile dall'uomo e DOVREBBE rappresentare il produttore del dispositivo o il marchio aziendale con cui il dispositivo è commercializzato. Il valore di questo campo DEVE essere codificabile come ASCII a 7 bit e corrispondere all'espressione regolare "^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$".
SUPPORTATO_ABIS Il nome del set di istruzioni (tipo CPU + convenzione ABI) del codice nativo. Vedere la sezione 3.3. Compatibilità API nativa .
SUPPORTATO_32_BIT_ABIS Il nome del set di istruzioni (tipo CPU + convenzione ABI) del codice nativo. Vedere la sezione 3.3. Compatibilità API nativa .
SUPPORTATO_64_BIT_ABIS Il nome del secondo set di istruzioni (tipo CPU + convenzione ABI) del codice nativo. Vedere la sezione 3.3. Compatibilità API nativa .
CPU_ABI Il nome del set di istruzioni (tipo CPU + convenzione ABI) del codice nativo. Vedere la sezione 3.3. Compatibilità API nativa .
CPU_ABI2 Il nome del secondo set di istruzioni (tipo CPU + convenzione ABI) del codice nativo. Vedere la sezione 3.3. Compatibilità API nativa .
DISPOSITIVO Un valore scelto dall'implementatore del dispositivo contenente il nome di sviluppo o il nome in codice che identifica la configurazione delle caratteristiche hardware e il design industriale del dispositivo. Il valore di questo campo DEVE essere codificabile come ASCII a 7 bit e corrispondere all'espressione regolare "^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$". Questo nome del dispositivo non deve cambiare durante la durata del prodotto.
IMPRONTA DIGITALE Una stringa che identifica in modo univoco questa build. DOVREBBE essere ragionevolmente leggibile dall'uomo. DEVE seguire questo modello:

$(MARCA)/$(PRODOTTO)/
$(DISPOSITIVO):$(VERSIONE.RELEASE)/$(ID)/$(VERSIONE.INCREMENTALE):$(TIPO)/$(TAG)

Per esempio:

acme/mioprodotto/
MyDevice: 10/lmyxx/3359: userdebug/test-keys

L'impronta digitale NON DEVE includere caratteri di spazi bianchi. Il valore di questo campo DEVE essere codificabile come ASCII a 7 bit.

HARDWARE Il nome dell'hardware (dalla riga di comando del kernel o /proc). DOVREBBE essere ragionevolmente leggibile dall'uomo. Il valore di questo campo DEVE essere codificabile come ASCII a 7 bit e corrispondere all'espressione regolare "^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$".
OSPITE Una stringa che identifica in modo univoco l'host su cui è stata creata la build, in formato leggibile dall'uomo. Non ci sono requisiti sul formato specifico di questo campo, tranne che NON DEVE essere null o una stringa vuota ("").
ID Un identificatore scelto dall'implementatore del dispositivo per fare riferimento a una versione specifica, in formato leggibile dall'uomo. Questo campo può essere uguale a android.os.Build.VERSION.INCREMENTAL, ma DOVREBBE essere un valore sufficientemente significativo per consentire agli utenti finali di distinguere tra build di software. Il valore di questo campo DEVE essere codificabile come ASCII a 7 bit e corrispondere all'espressione regolare "^[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+$".
PRODUTTORE Il nome commerciale del produttore dell'attrezzatura originale (OEM) del prodotto. Non ci sono requisiti sul formato specifico di questo campo, tranne che NON DEVE essere null o una stringa vuota (""). Questo campo non deve cambiare durante la vita del prodotto.
MODELLO Un valore scelto dall'implementatore del dispositivo contenente il nome del dispositivo noto all'utente finale. DOVREBBE essere lo stesso nome con cui il dispositivo viene commercializzato e venduto agli utenti finali. Non ci sono requisiti sul formato specifico di questo campo, tranne che NON DEVE essere null o una stringa vuota (""). Questo campo non deve cambiare durante la vita del prodotto.
PRODOTTO Un valore scelto dall'implementatore del dispositivo contenente il nome di sviluppo o il nome in codice del prodotto specifico (SKU) che DEVE essere univoco all'interno dello stesso marchio. DEVE essere leggibile dall'uomo, ma non è necessariamente destinato alla visualizzazione da parte degli utenti finali. Il valore di questo campo DEVE essere codificabile come ASCII a 7 bit e corrispondere all'espressione regolare "^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$". Questo nome del prodotto non deve cambiare durante la vita del prodotto.
SERIALE Deve restituire "sconosciuto".
TAG Un elenco di tag separati da virgole scelti dall'implementatore del dispositivo che distingue ulteriormente la build. I tag devono essere codificabili come ASCII a 7 bit e abbinare l'espressione regolare “^[a-za-z0-9 ._-]+” e devono avere uno dei valori corrispondenti alle tre tipiche configurazioni di firma della piattaforma Android: Rilascio- tasti, chiavi Dev e tasti di prova.
TEMPO Un valore che rappresenta il timestamp di quando si è verificata la compilazione.
TIPO Un valore scelto dall'implementatore del dispositivo che specifica la configurazione di runtime della build. Questo campo DEVE avere uno dei valori corrispondenti alle tre tipiche configurazioni di runtime di Android: user, userdebug o eng.
UTENTE Un nome o un ID utente dell'utente (o dell'utente automatizzato) che ha generato la build. Non ci sono requisiti sul formato specifico di questo campo, tranne che NON DEVE essere null o una stringa vuota ("").
SICUREZZA_PATCH Un valore che indica il livello della patch di sicurezza di una build. Deve significare che la build non è in alcun modo vulnerabile a nessuno dei problemi descritti attraverso il bollettino di sicurezza pubblica Android designata. Deve essere nel formato [YYYY-MM-DD], corrispondente a una stringa definita documentata nel bollettino di sicurezza pubblica Android o nella consulenza sulla sicurezza Android , ad esempio "2015-11-01".
BASE_OS Un valore che rappresenta il parametro FINGERPRINT della build che per il resto è identica a questa build ad eccezione delle patch fornite nel Bollettino pubblico sulla sicurezza di Android. Deve segnalare il valore corretto e se tale build non esiste, segnalare una stringa vuota ("").
BOOT LOADER Un valore scelto dall'implementatore del dispositivo che identifica la versione specifica del bootloader interno utilizzato nel dispositivo, in formato leggibile dall'uomo. Il valore di questo campo DEVE essere codificabile come ASCII a 7 bit e corrispondere all'espressione regolare "^[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+$".
getRadioversion () Deve (essere o restituire) un valore scelto dall'implementatore del dispositivo che identifica la versione di radio/modem interna specifica utilizzata nel dispositivo, in formato leggibile dall'uomo. Se un dispositivo non ha alcuna radio/modem interno, deve restituire null. Il valore di questo campo deve essere codificabile come ASCII a 7 bit e corrispondere all'espressione regolare “^[a-za-z0-9 ._-,]+$”.
getherial () Deve (essere o restituire) un numero di serie hardware, che deve essere disponibile e unico su tutti i dispositivi con lo stesso modello e produttore. Il valore di questo campo deve essere codificabile come ASCII a 7 bit e corrispondere all'espressione regolare “^[a-za-z0-9 ._-,]+$”.

3.2.3. Compatibilità degli intenti

3.2.3.1. Intenti dell'applicazione principale

Gli intenti Android consentono ai componenti dell'applicazione di richiedere funzionalità da altri componenti Android. Il progetto Android upstream include un elenco di applicazioni considerate applicazioni Android principali, che implementa diversi modelli di intenti per eseguire azioni comuni.

  • [C-0-1] Le implementazioni del dispositivo devono precaricare una o più applicazioni o componenti di servizio con un gestore di intenti, per tutti i modelli di filtro per intenti pubblici definiti dalle seguenti applicazioni Android core in AOSP:

    • Orologio da tavolo
    • Navigatore
    • Calendario
    • Contatti
    • Galleria
    • Ricerca globale
    • Lanciatore
    • Musica
    • Impostazioni
3.2.3.2. Risoluzione dell'intento
  • [C-0-1] Poiché Android è una piattaforma estensibile, le implementazioni del dispositivo devono consentire di fare riferimento a ciascun modello di intento nella Sezione 3.2.3.1 , ad eccezione delle impostazioni, di essere sovrascritte da applicazioni di terze parti. L'implementazione open source Android a monte consente questo per impostazione predefinita.

  • [C-0-2] Implementatori di dispositivi non devono allegare privilegi speciali all'uso di questi modelli di intenti delle applicazioni di sistema o impedire che le applicazioni di terze parti si assumano e assumono il controllo di questi schemi. Questo divieto include specificamente ma non si limita a disabilitare l'interfaccia utente "scelto" che consente all'utente di selezionare tra più applicazioni che gestiscono tutti lo stesso modello di intento.

  • [C-0-3] Le implementazioni del dispositivo devono fornire per gli utenti un'interfaccia utente per modificare l'attività predefinita per intenti.

  • Tuttavia, le implementazioni del dispositivo possono fornire attività predefinite per specifici modelli URI (ad esempio http://play.google.com) quando l'attività predefinita fornisce un attributo più specifico per l'URI di dati. Ad esempio, un modello di filtro di intenti che specifica l'URI dei dati "http://www.android.com" è più specifico del modello di intenti principale del browser per "http://".

Android include anche un meccanismo per le app di terze parti per dichiarare un'app autorevole che collega il comportamento per alcuni tipi di intenti URI Web. Quando tali dichiarazioni autorevoli vengono definite nei modelli di filtro degli intenti di un'app, le implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-4] deve tentare di convalidare eventuali filtri di intenti eseguendo i passaggi di convalida definiti nelle specifiche dei collegamenti delle risorse digitali implementate dal gestore di pacchetti nel progetto open source Android a monte.
  • [C-0-5] deve tentare la convalida dei filtri di intenti durante l'installazione dell'applicazione e impostare tutti i filtri di intenti URI validati correttamente come gestori di app predefiniti per i loro URI.
  • PUÒ impostare filtri di intenti URI specifici come gestori di app predefiniti per i loro URI, se vengono verificati con successo ma altri filtri URI candidati falliscono la verifica. Se un'implementazione del dispositivo fa ciò, DEVE fornire le sovrascritture del modello per URI appropriate all'utente nel menu delle impostazioni.
  • DEVE fornire all'utente i controlli Collegamenti app per app nelle Impostazioni come segue:
    • [C-0-6] L'utente deve essere in grado di sovrascrivere in modo olistico l'app predefinita il comportamento di un'app per essere: sempre aperto, chiedere sempre o mai aperto, che deve applicarsi a tutti i filtri di intenti URI candidati equamente.
    • [C-0-7] L'utente deve essere in grado di vedere un elenco dei filtri di intenti URI candidato.
    • L'implementazione del dispositivo PUÒ fornire all'utente la possibilità di sovrascrivere filtri di intenti URI candidati specifici che sono stati verificati con successo, in base al filtro per intent.
    • [C-0-8] L'implementazione del dispositivo deve fornire agli utenti la possibilità di visualizzare e sovrascrivere i filtri di intenti URI candidati se l'implementazione del dispositivo consente a alcuni filtri di intenti URI candidati di verificare la verifica mentre alcuni altri possono fallire.
3.2.3.3. Spazi dei nomi di intenti
  • [C-0-1] Le implementazioni del dispositivo non devono includere alcun componente Android che onora qualsiasi nuovo intento o trasmetti i modelli di intenti utilizzando un'azione, una categoria o altre stringhe chiave nell'androide. o com.android. spazio dei nomi.
  • [C-0-2] Gli implementatori di dispositivi non devono includere componenti Android che onorano qualsiasi nuovo intento o trasmissione di modelli di intenti utilizzando un'azione, una categoria o altre stringhe chiave in uno spazio di pacchetto appartenente a un'altra organizzazione.
  • [C-0-3] Gli implementatori di dispositivi non devono alterare o estendere nessuno dei modelli di intenti utilizzati dalle app di base elencate nella Sezione 3.2.3.1 .
  • Le implementazioni dei dispositivi POSSONO includere modelli di intenti che utilizzano spazi dei nomi chiaramente e ovviamente associati alla propria organizzazione. Questo divieto è analogo a quello specificato per le classi del linguaggio Java nella sezione 3.6 .
3.2.3.4. Intenti di trasmissione

Le applicazioni di terze parti si affidano alla piattaforma per trasmettere determinati intenti per notificare loro cambiamenti nell'ambiente hardware o software.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] deve trasmettere gli intenti trasmissioni pubbliche in risposta agli eventi di sistema appropriati come descritto nella documentazione SDK. Si noti che questo requisito non è in conflitto con la Sezione 3.5 poiché la limitazione per le applicazioni di fondo è anche descritta nella documentazione SDK.
3.2.3.5. Impostazioni predefinite dell'app

Android include impostazioni che forniscono agli utenti un modo semplice per selezionare le applicazioni predefinite, ad esempio per la schermata Home o gli SMS.

Laddove opportuno, le implementazioni del dispositivo DEVONO fornire un menu di impostazioni simile ed essere compatibili con il modello di filtro intent e i metodi API descritti nella documentazione dell'SDK come di seguito.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo segnalano android.software.home_screen , loro:

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo riportano android.hardware.telephony , loro:

  • [C-2-1] deve fornire un menu Impostazioni che chiamerà RoleManager.createRequestRoleIntent(String) intento con RoleManager.ROLE_SMS per mostrare una finestra di dialogo per modificare l'applicazione SMS predefinita.

  • [C-2-2] deve onorare android.telecom.action.CHANGE_DEFAULT_DIALER intento di mostrare una finestra di dialogo per consentire all'utente di modificare l'applicazione telefonica predefinita.

    • Deve utilizzare l'interfaccia utente dell'app per il telefono predefinito selezionato dall'utente per le chiamate in entrata e in uscita, tranne per le chiamate di emergenza, che utilizzerebbero l'app telefonica preinstallata.
  • [C-2-3] deve onorare Android.telecom.act.change_phone_accounts intenzione di fornire la convenienza degli utenti per configurare i ConnectionServices associati ai PhoneAccounts , nonché un foneaccount predefinito che il fornitore di servizi di telecomunicazione utilizzerà per collocare le chiamate in uscita. L'implementazione AOSP soddisfa questo requisito includendo un menu "Account Calling Account" nel menu Impostazioni "chiamate".

  • [C-2-4] deve consentire android.telecom.CallRedirectionService per un'app che contiene il ruolo android.app.role.CALL_REDIRECTION .

  • [C-2-5] deve fornire la convenienza dell'utente per scegliere un'app che detiene il ruolo android.app.role.CALL_REDIRECTION .

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo segnalano android.hardware.nfc.hce , loro:

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo supportano il VoiceInteractionService e hanno più di un'applicazione utilizzando questa API installata alla volta, loro:

3.2.4. Attività su display secondari/multipli

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo consentono di lanciare normali attività Android su più di un display, loro:

  • [C-1-1] deve impostare android.software.activities_on_secondary_displays Flag Feature.
  • [C-1-2] deve garantire la compatibilità API simile a un'attività in esecuzione sul display primario.
  • [C-1-3] deve ottenere la nuova attività sullo stesso display dell'attività che l'ha lanciata, quando la nuova attività viene lanciata senza specificare un display target tramite l'API ActivityOptions.setLaunchDisplayId() .
  • [C-1-4] deve distruggere tutte le attività, quando viene rimosso un display con il Display.FLAG_PRIVATE flag.
  • [C-1-5] deve nascondere in modo sicuro il contenuto su tutte le schermate quando il dispositivo è bloccato con una schermata di blocco sicura, a meno che l'app non si opponga a mostrare sulla schermata di blocco utilizzando Activity#setShowWhenLocked() API.
  • Dovrebbe avere android.content.res.Configuration che corrisponde a tale display per essere visualizzato, funzionare correttamente e mantenere la compatibilità se viene lanciata un'attività sul display secondario.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo consentono di lanciare normali attività Android su display secondari e un display secondario ha il flag Android.View.display.flag_private :

  • [C-3-1] Solo il proprietario di tale display, sistema e attività che sono già su tale display devono essere in grado di lanciarlo. Tutti possono lanciarsi su un display che ha Android.View.Display.Flag_Public Flag.

3.3. Compatibilità API nativa

La compatibilità del codice nativo è impegnativa. Per questo motivo, gli implementari del dispositivo sono:

  • [SR] ha fortemente raccomandato di utilizzare le implementazioni delle librerie elencate di seguito dal progetto open source Android a monte.

3.3.1. Interfacce binarie dell'applicazione

Il bytecode Dalvik gestito può richiamare il codice nativo fornito nel file .apk dell'applicazione come file ELF .so compilato per l'architettura hardware del dispositivo appropriata. Poiché il codice nativo dipende fortemente dalla tecnologia del processore sottostante, Android definisce una serie di interfacce binarie applicative (ABI) nell'NDK di Android.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] deve essere compatibile con uno o più ABI definito e implementare la compatibilità con l'NDK Android.
  • [C-0-2] deve includere il supporto per il codice in esecuzione nell'ambiente gestito per chiamare il codice nativo, utilizzando la semantica Standard Java Native Interface (JNI).
  • [C-0-3] deve essere compatibile con la sorgente (cioè compatibile con intestazione) e compatibile binaria (per l'ABI) con ciascuna libreria richiesta nell'elenco seguente.
  • [C-0-5] deve segnalare accuratamente l'interfaccia binaria dell'applicazione nativa (ABI) supportata dal dispositivo, tramite android.os.Build.SUPPORTED_ABIS , android.os.Build.SUPPORTED_32_BIT_ABIS e android.os.Build.SUPPORTED_64_BIT_ABIS Parametri di parametri Parametri , ciascuno di un elenco separato da Abis ordinato da quello meno preferito.
  • [C-0-6] deve segnalare, tramite i parametri di cui sopra, un sottoinsieme del seguente elenco di ABI e non deve segnalare alcun ABI non nell'elenco.

    • armeabi
    • armeabi-v7a
    • arm64-v8a
    • x86
    • x86-64
    • [C-0-7] deve creare tutte le seguenti librerie, fornendo API native, disponibili per le app che includono il codice nativo:

    • libaaudio.so (supporto audio nativo di AAudio)

    • libamidi.so (supporto MIDI nativo, se funzionalità android.software.midi è rivendicato come descritto nella Sezione 5.9)
    • libandroid.so (supporto attività Android nativo)
    • libc (libreria C)
    • libcamera2ndk.so
    • libdl (linker dinamico)
    • libEGL.so (gestione superficie OpenGL nativa)
    • libGLESv1_CM.so (OpenGL ES 1.x)
    • libGLESv2.so (OpenGL ES 2.0)
    • libGLESv3.so (OpenGL ES 3.x)
    • libicui18n.so
    • libicuuc.so
    • libjnigraphics.so
    • liblog (registrazione Android)
    • libmediandk.so (supporto API multimediali native)
    • libm (libreria matematica)
    • libneuralnetworks.so (API Neural Networks)
    • libOpenMAXAL.so (supporto OpenMAX AL 1.0.1)
    • libOpenSLES.so (supporto audio OpenSL ES 1.0.1)
    • Librs.So
    • libstdc ++ (supporto minimo per c ++)
    • libvulkan.so (vulkan)
    • libz (compressione Zlib)
    • Interfaccia JNI
  • [C-0-8] non deve aggiungere o rimuovere le funzioni pubbliche per le librerie native sopra elencate.

  • [C-0-9] deve elencare ulteriori librerie non Aosp esposte direttamente alle app di terze parti in /vendor/etc/public.libraries.txt .
  • [C-0-10] non deve esporre altre librerie native, implementate e fornite in AOSP come biblioteche di sistema, alle app di terze parti che mirano al livello API 24 o superiore come sono riservate.
  • [C-0-11] deve esportare tutti i simboli di funzionalità OpenGL ES 3.1 e Android Extension Pack , come definiti nell'NDK, attraverso la libreria libGLESv3.so . Si noti che mentre tutti i simboli devono essere presenti, la sezione 7.1.4.1 descrive in modo più dettagliato i requisiti per quando sono previste la piena implementazione di ciascuna funzioni corrispondenti.
  • [C-0-12] MUST export function symbols for the core Vulkan 1.0 function symbols, as well as the VK_KHR_surface , VK_KHR_android_surface , VK_KHR_swapchain , VK_KHR_maintenance1 , and VK_KHR_get_physical_device_properties2 extensions through the libvulkan.so library. Si noti che mentre tutti i simboli devono essere presenti, la sezione 7.1.4.2 descrive in modo più dettagliato i requisiti per quando sono previste la piena implementazione di ciascuna funzioni corrispondenti.
  • DOVREBBE essere creato utilizzando il codice sorgente e i file di intestazione disponibili nel progetto Android Open Source upstream

Si noti che le versioni future di Android potrebbero introdurre supporto per ulteriori ABI.

3.3.2. Compatibilità del codice nativo ARM a 32 bit

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo riportano il supporto di armeabi ABI, loro:

  • [C-3-1] deve anche supportare armeabi-v7a e segnalare il suo supporto, poiché armeabi è solo per la compatibilità all'indietro con le app più vecchie.

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo riportano il supporto di armeabi-v7a ABI, per le app che utilizzano questo ABI, loro:

  • [C-2-1] deve includere le seguenti righe in /proc/cpuinfo e non deve alterare i valori sullo stesso dispositivo, anche quando vengono letti da altri ABI.

    • Features: seguito da un elenco di qualsiasi CPU ARMV7 opzionale supportata dal dispositivo.
    • CPU architecture: seguita da un numero intero che descrive la più alta architettura ARM supportata del dispositivo (ad es. "8" per i dispositivi ARMV8).
  • [C-2-2] deve sempre mantenere disponibili le seguenti operazioni, anche nel caso in cui l'ABI sia implementato su un'architettura ARMV8, tramite supporto CPU nativo o emulazione del software:

    • Istruzioni SWP e SWPB.
    • Istruzione di sedend.
    • Operazioni di barriera CP15ISB, CP15DSB e CP15DMB.
  • [C-2-3] deve includere il supporto per l'estensione SIMD avanzata (aka neon).

3.4. Compatibilità Web

3.4.1. Compatibilità WebView

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo forniscono un'implementazione completa dell'API android.webkit.Webview , loro:

  • [C-1-1] deve segnalare android.software.webview .
  • [C-1-2] deve utilizzare la build del progetto Chromium dal progetto open source Android a monte della filiale Android 10 per l'implementazione dell'API android.webkit.WebView .
  • [C-1-3] La stringa dell'agente utente riportato da WebView deve essere in questo formato:

    Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android $ (versione); [$ (modello)] [build/$ (build)]; wv) Applewebkit/537.36 (KHTML, Like Gecko) versione/4.0 $ (Chromium_ver) Safari mobile/537.36

    • Il valore della stringa $(VERSION) DEVE essere uguale al valore di android.os.Build.VERSION.RELEASE.
    • La stringa $ (modello) può essere vuota, ma se non è vuota deve avere lo stesso valore di android.os.build.model.
    • "Build/$(BUILD)" MAY be omitted, but if it is present the $(BUILD) string MUST be the same as the value for android.os.Build.ID.
    • Il valore della stringa $(CHROMIUM_VER) DEVE essere la versione di Chromium nel progetto Android Open Source upstream.
    • Le implementazioni del dispositivo POSSONO omettere Mobile nella stringa dell'agente utente.
  • Il componente WebView dovrebbe includere il supporto per quante più funzionalità HTML5 possibile e se supporta la funzione dovrebbe essere conforme alla specifica HTML5 .

  • [C-1-4] MUST render the provided content or remote URL content in a process that is distinct from the application that instantiates the WebView. Specifically the separate renderer process MUST hold lower privilege, run as a separate user ID, have no access to the app's data directory, have no direct network access, and only have access to the minimum-required system services over Binder. The AOSP implementation of WebView meets this requirement.

Note that if device implementations are 32-bit or declare the feature flag android.hardware.ram.low , they are exempted from C-1-3.

3.4.2. Compatibilità del browser

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo includono un'applicazione del browser autonomo per la navigazione Web generale, loro:

  • [C-1-1] deve supportare ciascuna di queste API associate a HTML5:
  • [C-1-2] MUST support the HTML5/W3C webstorage API and SHOULD support the HTML5/W3C IndexedDB API . Tieni presente che poiché gli organismi di standardizzazione dello sviluppo web stanno passando a favorire IndexedDB rispetto al webstorage, si prevede che IndexedDB diventi un componente richiesto in una futura versione di Android.
  • MAY ship a custom user agent string in the standalone Browser application.
  • SHOULD implement support for as much of HTML5 as possible on the standalone Browser application (whether based on the upstream WebKit Browser application or a third-party replacement).

However, If device implementations do not include a standalone Browser application, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST still support the public intent patterns as described in section 3.2.3.1 .

3.5. Compatibilità comportamentale dell'API

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-9] MUST ensure that API behavioral compatibility is applied for all installed apps unless they are restricted as described in Section 3.5.1 .
  • [C-0-10] MUST NOT implement the allowlisting approach that ensures API behavioral compatibility only for apps that are selected by device implementers.

The behaviors of each of the API types (managed, soft, native, and web) MUST be consistent with the preferred implementation of the upstream Android Open Source Project . Alcune aree specifiche di compatibilità sono:

  • [C-0-1] Devices MUST NOT change the behavior or semantics of a standard intent.
  • [C-0-2] Devices MUST NOT alter the lifecycle or lifecycle semantics of a particular type of system component (such as Service, Activity, ContentProvider, etc.).
  • [C-0-3] Devices MUST NOT change the semantics of a standard permission.
  • Devices MUST NOT alter the limitations enforced on background applications. More specifically, for background apps:
    • [C-0-4] they MUST stop executing callbacks that are registered by the app to receive outputs from the GnssMeasurement and GnssNavigationMessage .
    • [C-0-5] they MUST rate-limit the frequency of updates that are provided to the app through the LocationManager API class or the WifiManager.startScan() method.
    • [C-0-6] if the app is targeting API level 25 or higher, they MUST NOT allow to register broadcast receivers for the implicit broadcasts of standard Android intents in the app's manifest, unless the broadcast intent requires a "signature" or "signatureOrSystem" protectionLevel permission or are on the exemption list .
    • [C-0-7] if the app is targeting API level 25 or higher, they MUST stop the app's background services, just as if the app had called the services' stopSelf() method, unless the app is placed on a temporary allowlist to handle a task that's visible to the user.
    • [C-0-8] if the app is targeting API level 25 or higher, they MUST release the wakelocks the app holds.
  • [C-0-9] Devices MUST return the following security providers as the first seven array values from the Security.getProviders() method, in the given order and with the given names (as returned by Provider.getName() ) and classes, unless the app has modified the list via insertProviderAt() or removeProvider() . Devices MAY return additional providers after the specified list of providers below.
    1. AndroidNSSP - android.security.net.config.NetworkSecurityConfigProvider
    2. AndroidOpenSSL - com.android.org.conscrypt.OpenSSLProvider
    3. CertPathProvider - sun.security.provider.CertPathProvider
    4. AndroidKeyStoreBCWorkaround - android.security.keystore.AndroidKeyStoreBCWorkaroundProvider
    5. BC - com.android.org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider
    6. HarmonyJSSE - com.android.org.conscrypt.JSSEProvider
    7. AndroidKeyStore - android.security.keystore.AndroidKeyStoreProvider

L'elenco di cui sopra non è completo. La Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) verifica la compatibilità comportamentale di parti significative della piattaforma, ma non di tutte. È responsabilità dell'implementatore garantire la compatibilità comportamentale con il progetto Android Open Source. Per questo motivo, gli implementatori del dispositivo DOVREBBERO utilizzare, ove possibile, il codice sorgente disponibile tramite il progetto Android Open Source, anziché reimplementare parti significative del sistema.

3.5.1. Background Restriction

If device implementations implement the app restrictions that are included in AOSP or extend the app restrictions, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST provide user affordance where the user can see the list of restricted apps.
  • [C-1-2] MUST provide user affordance to turn on / off the restrictions on each app.
  • [C-1-3] MUST not automatically apply restrictions without evidence of poor system health behavior, but MAY apply the restrictions on apps upon detection of poor system health behavior like stuck wakelocks, long running services, and other criteria. The criteria MAY be determined by device implementers but MUST be related to the app's impact on the system health. Other criteria that are not purely related to the system health, such as the app's lack of popularity in the market, MUST NOT be used as criteria.
  • [C-1-4] MUST not automatically apply app restrictions for apps when a user has turned off app restrictions manually, and MAY suggest the user to apply app restrictions.
  • [C-1-5] MUST inform users if app restrictions are applied to an app automatically.
  • [C-1-6] MUST return true for ActivityManager.isBackgroundRestricted() when the restricted app calls this API.
  • [C-1-7] MUST NOT restrict the top foreground app that is explicitly used by the user.
  • [C-1-8] MUST suspend restrictions on an app that becomes the top foreground application when the user explicitly starts to use the app that used to be restricted.
  • [C-1-9] MUST report all app restriction events via UsageStats . If device implementations extend the app restrictions that are implemented in AOSP, MUST follow the implementation described in this document .

3.6. Spazi dei nomi API

Android segue le convenzioni dello spazio dei nomi dei pacchetti e delle classi definite dal linguaggio di programmazione Java. Per garantire la compatibilità con applicazioni di terze parti, gli implementatori del dispositivo NON DEVONO apportare modifiche vietate (vedi sotto) a questi spazi dei nomi dei pacchetti:

  • java.*
  • javax.*
  • sun.*
  • android.*
  • androidx.*
  • com.android.*

That is, they:

  • [C-0-1] MUST NOT modify the publicly exposed APIs on the Android platform by changing any method or class signatures, or by removing classes or class fields.
  • [C-0-2] MUST NOT add any publicly exposed elements (such as classes or interfaces, or fields or methods to existing classes or interfaces) or Test or System APIs to the APIs in the above namespaces. A “publicly exposed element” is any construct that is not decorated with the “@hide” marker as used in the upstream Android source code.

Device implementers MAY modify the underlying implementation of the APIs, but such modifications:

  • [C-0-3] MUST NOT impact the stated behavior and Java-language signature of any publicly exposed APIs.
  • [C-0-4] MUST NOT be advertised or otherwise exposed to developers.

However, device implementers MAY add custom APIs outside the standard Android namespace, but the custom APIs:

  • [C-0-5] MUST NOT be in a namespace owned by or referring to another organization. Ad esempio, gli implementatori del dispositivo NON DEVONO aggiungere API allo spazio dei nomi com.google.* o simile: solo Google può farlo. Allo stesso modo, Google NON DEVE aggiungere API agli spazi dei nomi di altre società.
  • [C-0-6] MUST be packaged in an Android shared library so that only apps that explicitly use them (via the <uses-library> mechanism) are affected by the increased memory usage of such APIs.

Se l'implementatore di un dispositivo propone di migliorare uno degli spazi dei nomi dei pacchetti di cui sopra (ad esempio aggiungendo nuove funzionalità utili a un'API esistente o aggiungendo una nuova API), l'implementatore DOVREBBE visitare source.android.com e iniziare il processo per apportare modifiche e codice, secondo le informazioni su quel sito.

Tieni presente che le restrizioni di cui sopra corrispondono alle convenzioni standard per la denominazione delle API nel linguaggio di programmazione Java; questa sezione mira semplicemente a rafforzare tali convenzioni e renderle vincolanti attraverso l'inclusione nella presente Definizione di compatibilità.

3.7. Compatibilità di esecuzione

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST support the full Dalvik Executable (DEX) format and Dalvik bytecode specification and semantics .

  • [C-0-2] MUST configure Dalvik runtimes to allocate memory in accordance with the upstream Android platform, and as specified by the following table. (Vedere la sezione 7.1.1 per le definizioni delle dimensioni dello schermo e della densità dello schermo.)

  • SHOULD use Android RunTime (ART), the reference upstream implementation of the Dalvik Executable Format, and the reference implementation's package management system.

  • SHOULD run fuzz tests under various modes of execution and target architectures to assure the stability of the runtime. Refer to JFuzz and DexFuzz in the Android Open Source Project website.

Tieni presente che i valori di memoria specificati di seguito sono considerati valori minimi e le implementazioni del dispositivo POSSONO allocare più memoria per applicazione.

Disposizione dello schermo Densità dello schermo Memoria minima dell'applicazione
Orologio Android 120 dpi (ldpi) 32 MB
140 dpi (140dpi)
160 dpi (mdpi)
180 dpi (180dpi)
200 dpi (200dpi)
213 dpi (tvdpi)
220 dpi (220dpi) 36 MB
240 dpi (hdpi)
280 dpi (280 dpi)
320 dpi (xhdpi) 48 MB
360 dpi (360 dpi)
400 dpi (400 dpi) 56 MB
420 dpi (420 dpi) 64 MB
480 dpi (xxhdpi) 88 MB
560 dpi (560 dpi) 112 MB
640 dpi (xxxhdpi) 154 MB
piccolo/normale 120 dpi (ldpi) 32 MB
140 dpi (140dpi)
160 dpi (mdpi)
180 dpi (180dpi) 48 MB
200 dpi (200dpi)
213 dpi (tvdpi)
220 dpi (220dpi)
240 dpi (hdpi)
280 dpi (280 dpi)
320 dpi (xhdpi) 80 MB
360 dpi (360 dpi)
400 dpi (400 dpi) 96 MB
420 dpi (420 dpi) 112 MB
480 dpi (xxhdpi) 128 MB
560 dpi (560 dpi) 192 MB
640 dpi (xxxhdpi) 256 MB
grande 120 dpi (ldpi) 32 MB
140 dpi (140dpi) 48 MB
160 dpi (mdpi)
180 dpi (180dpi) 80 MB
200 dpi (200dpi)
213 dpi (tvdpi)
220 dpi (220dpi)
240 dpi (hdpi)
280 dpi (280 dpi) 96 MB
320 dpi (xhdpi) 128 MB
360 dpi (360 dpi) 160 MB
400 dpi (400 dpi) 192 MB
420 dpi (420 dpi) 228 MB
480 dpi (xxhdpi) 256 MB
560 dpi (560 dpi) 384 MB
640 dpi (xxxhdpi) 512 MB
xlarge 120 dpi (ldpi) 48 MB
140 dpi (140dpi) 80 MB
160 dpi (mdpi)
180 dpi (180dpi) 96 MB
200 dpi (200dpi)
213 dpi (tvdpi)
220 dpi (220dpi)
240 dpi (hdpi)
280 dpi (280 dpi) 144 MB
320 dpi (xhdpi) 192 MB
360 dpi (360 dpi) 240 MB
400 dpi (400 dpi) 288 MB
420 dpi (420 dpi) 336 MB
480 dpi (xxhdpi) 384 MB
560 dpi (560 dpi) 576 MB
640 dpi (xxxhdpi) 768 MB

3.8. Compatibilità dell'interfaccia utente

3.8.1. Avvio applicazioni (schermata principale)

Android include un'applicazione di avvio (schermata iniziale) e supporto per applicazioni di terze parti per sostituire l'avvio del dispositivo (schermata iniziale).

If device implementations allow third-party applications to replace the device home screen, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST declare the platform feature android.software.home_screen .
  • [C-1-2] MUST return the AdaptiveIconDrawable object when the third-party application use <adaptive-icon> tag to provide their icon, and the PackageManager methods to retrieve icons are called.

If device implementations include a default launcher that supports in-app pinning of shortcuts, they:

Conversely, if device implementations do not support in-app pinning of shortcuts, they:

If device implementations implement a default launcher that provides quick access to the additional shortcuts provided by third-party apps through the ShortcutManager API, they:

  • [C-4-1] MUST support all documented shortcut features (eg static and dynamic shortcuts, pinning shortcuts) and fully implement the APIs of the ShortcutManager API class.

If device implementations include a default launcher app that shows badges for the app icons, they:

  • [C-5-1] MUST respect the NotificationChannel.setShowBadge() API method. In other words, show a visual affordance associated with the app icon if the value is set as true , and do not show any app icon badging scheme when all of the app's notification channels have set the value as false .
  • MAY override the app icon badges with their proprietary badging scheme when third-party applications indicate support of the proprietary badging scheme through the use of proprietary APIs, but SHOULD use the resources and values provided through the notification badges APIs described in the SDK , such as the Notification.Builder.setNumber() and the Notification.Builder.setBadgeIconType() API.

3.8.2. Widget

Android supports third-party app widgets by defining a component type and corresponding API and lifecycle that allows applications to expose an “AppWidget” to the end user.

If device implementations support third-party app widgets, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST declare support for platform feature android.software.app_widgets .
  • [C-1-2] MUST include built-in support for AppWidgets and expose user interface affordances to add, configure, view, and remove AppWidgets directly within the Launcher.
  • [C-1-3] MUST be capable of rendering widgets that are 4 x 4 in the standard grid size. See the App Widget DesignGuidelines in the Android SDK documentation for details.
  • MAY support application widgets on the lock screen.

If device implementations support third-party app widgets and in-app pinning of shortcuts, they:

3.8.3. Notifiche

Android includes Notification and NotificationManager APIs that allow third-party app developers to notify users of notable events and attract users' attention using the hardware components (eg sound, vibration and light) and software features (eg notification shade, system bar) of the device .

3.8.3.1. Presentation of Notifications

If device implementations allow third-party apps to notify users of notable events , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support notifications that use hardware features, as described in the SDK documentation, and to the extent possible with the device implementation hardware. Ad esempio, se l'implementazione di un dispositivo include un vibratore, DEVE implementare correttamente le API di vibrazione. Se l'implementazione di un dispositivo non dispone di hardware, le API corrispondenti DEVONO essere implementate come no-ops. Questo comportamento è ulteriormente dettagliato nella sezione 7 .
  • [C-1-2] MUST correctly render all resources (icons, animation files, etc.) provided for in the APIs, or in the Status/System Bar icon style guide , although they MAY provide an alternative user experience for notifications than that provided by the reference Android Open Source implementation.
  • [C-1-3] MUST honor and implement properly the behaviors described for the APIs to update, remove and group notifications.
  • [C-1-4] MUST provide the full behavior of the NotificationChannel API documented in the SDK.
  • [C-1-5] MUST provide a user affordance to block and modify a certain third-party app's notification per each channel and app package level.
  • [C-1-6] MUST also provide a user affordance to display deleted notification channels.
  • [C-1-7] MUST correctly render all resources (images, stickers, icons, etc.) provided through Notification.MessagingStyle alongside the notification text without additional user interaction. For example, MUST show all resources including icons provided through android.app.Person in a group conversation that is set through setGroupConversation .
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to automatically surface a user affordance to block a certain third-party app's notification per each channel and app package level after the user dismisses that notification multiple times.
  • SHOULD support rich notifications.
  • SHOULD present some higher priority notifications as heads-up notifications.
  • SHOULD have a user affordance to snooze notifications.
  • MAY only manage the visibility and timing of when third-party apps can notify users of notable events to mitigate safety issues such as driver distraction.

If device implementations support rich notifications, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST use the exact resources as provided through the Notification.Style API class and its subclasses for the presented resource elements.
  • SHOULD present each and every resource element (eg icon, title and summary text) defined in the Notification.Style API class and its subclasses.

If device implementations support heads-up notifications: they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST use the heads-up notification view and resources as described in the Notification.Builder API class when heads-up notifications are presented.
  • [C-3-2] MUST display the actions provided through Notification.Builder.addAction() together with the notification content without additional user interaction as described in the SDK .
3.8.3.2. Notification Listener Service

Android includes the NotificationListenerService APIs that allow apps (once explicitly enabled by the user) to receive a copy of all notifications as they are posted or updated.

If device implementations report the feature flag android.hardware.ram.normal , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST correctly and promptly update notifications in their entirety to all such installed and user-enabled listener services, including any and all metadata attached to the Notification object.
  • [C-1-2] MUST respect the snoozeNotification() API call, and dismiss the notification and make a callback after the snooze duration that is set in the API call.

If device implementations have a user affordance to snooze notifications, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST reflect the snoozed notification status properly through the standard APIs such as NotificationListenerService.getSnoozedNotifications() .
  • [C-2-2] MUST make this user affordance available to snooze notifications from each installed third-party app's, unless they are from persistent/foreground services.
3.8.3.3. DND (Do not Disturb)

If device implementations support the DND feature, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement an activity that would respond to the intent ACTION_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_ACCESS_SETTINGS , which for implementations with UI_MODE_TYPE_NORMAL it MUST be an activity where the user can grant or deny the app access to DND policy configurations.
  • [C-1-2] MUST, for when the device implementation has provided a means for the user to grant or deny third-party apps to access the DND policy configuration, display Automatic DND rules created by applications alongside the user-created and pre-defined rules.
  • [C-1-3] MUST honor the suppressedVisualEffects values passed along the NotificationManager.Policy and if an app has set any of the SUPPRESSED_EFFECT_SCREEN_OFF or SUPPRESSED_EFFECT_SCREEN_ON flags, it SHOULD indicate to the user that the visual effects are suppressed in the DND settings menu.

Android includes APIs that allow developers to incorporate search into their applications and expose their application's data into the global system search. In generale, questa funzionalità è costituita da un'unica interfaccia utente a livello di sistema che consente agli utenti di immettere query, visualizzare suggerimenti durante la digitazione e visualizzare i risultati. The Android APIs allow developers to reuse this interface to provide search within their own apps and allow developers to supply results to the common global search user interface.

  • Le implementazioni dei dispositivi Android DOVREBBERO includere la ricerca globale, un'unica interfaccia utente di ricerca condivisa a livello di sistema in grado di fornire suggerimenti in tempo reale in risposta all'input dell'utente.

If device implementations implement the global search interface, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement the APIs that allow third-party applications to add suggestions to the search box when it is run in global search mode.

If no third-party applications are installed that make use of the global search:

  • The default behavior SHOULD be to display web search engine results and suggestions.

Android also includes the Assist APIs to allow applications to elect how much information of the current context is shared with the assistant on the device.

If device implementations support the Assist action, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST indicate clearly to the end user when the context is shared, by either:
    • Each time the assist app accesses the context, displaying a white light around the edges of the screen that meet or exceed the duration and brightness of the Android Open Source Project implementation.
    • For the preinstalled assist app, providing a user affordance less than two navigations away from the default voice input and assistant app settings menu , and only sharing the context when the assist app is explicitly invoked by the user through a hotword or assist navigation key input.
  • [C-2-2] The designated interaction to launch the assist app as described in section 7.2.3 MUST launch the user-selected assist app, in other words the app that implements VoiceInteractionService , or an activity handling the ACTION_ASSIST intent.

3.8.5. Alerts and Toasts

Applications can use the Toast API to display short non-modal strings to the end user that disappear after a brief period of time, and use the TYPE_APPLICATION_OVERLAY window type API to display alert windows as an overlay over other apps.

If device implementations include a screen or video output, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST provide a user affordance to block an app from displaying alert windows that use the TYPE_APPLICATION_OVERLAY . The AOSP implementation meets this requirement by having controls in the notification shade.

  • [C-1-2] MUST honor the Toast API and display Toasts from applications to end users in some highly visible manner.

3.8.6. Temi

Android fornisce "temi" come meccanismo per consentire alle applicazioni di applicare stili a un'intera attività o applicazione.

Android includes a “Holo” and "Material" theme family as a set of defined styles for application developers to use if they want to match the Holo theme look and feel as defined by the Android SDK.

If device implementations include a screen or video output, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST NOT alter any of the Holo theme attributes exposed to applications.
  • [C-1-2] MUST support the “Material” theme family and MUST NOT alter any of the Material theme attributes or their assets exposed to applications.

Android include anche una famiglia di temi "Device Default" come un insieme di stili definiti che gli sviluppatori di applicazioni possono utilizzare se desiderano abbinare l'aspetto del tema del dispositivo come definito dall'implementatore del dispositivo.

Android supporta una variante del tema con barre di sistema traslucide, che consente agli sviluppatori di applicazioni di riempire l'area dietro la barra di stato e di navigazione con il contenuto dell'app. Per consentire un'esperienza coerente per gli sviluppatori in questa configurazione, è importante che lo stile dell'icona della barra di stato venga mantenuto nelle diverse implementazioni del dispositivo.

If device implementations include a system status bar, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST use white for system status icons (such as signal strength and battery level) and notifications issued by the system, unless the icon is indicating a problematic status or an app requests a light status bar using the SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_LIGHT_STATUS_BAR flag .
  • [C-2-2] Android device implementations MUST change the color of the system status icons to black (for details, refer to R.style ) when an app requests a light status bar.

3.8.7. Sfondi animati

Android defines a component type and corresponding API and lifecycle that allows applications to expose one or more “Live Wallpapers” to the end user. Gli sfondi animati sono animazioni, motivi o immagini simili con capacità di input limitate che vengono visualizzati come sfondi, dietro altre applicazioni.

L'hardware è considerato in grado di eseguire in modo affidabile sfondi live se è in grado di eseguire tutti gli sfondi live, senza limitazioni di funzionalità, a un frame rate ragionevole senza effetti negativi su altre applicazioni. Se le limitazioni dell'hardware causano l'arresto anomalo, il malfunzionamento degli sfondi e/o delle applicazioni, un consumo eccessivo della CPU o della batteria o l'esecuzione a frame rate inaccettabilmente bassi, l'hardware è considerato incapace di eseguire sfondi animati. Ad esempio, alcuni sfondi animati possono utilizzare un contesto OpenGL 2.0 o 3.x per visualizzare il proprio contenuto. Lo sfondo animato non funzionerà in modo affidabile su hardware che non supporta più contesti OpenGL poiché l'utilizzo dello sfondo animato di un contesto OpenGL potrebbe entrare in conflitto con altre applicazioni che utilizzano anch'esse un contesto OpenGL.

  • Device implementations capable of running live wallpapers reliably as described above SHOULD implement live wallpapers.

If device implementations implement live wallpapers, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST report the platform feature flag android.software.live_wallpaper.

3.8.8. Cambio di attività

The upstream Android source code includes the overview screen , a system-level user interface for task switching and displaying recently accessed activities and tasks using a thumbnail image of the application's graphical state at the moment the user last left the application.

Device implementations including the recents function navigation key as detailed in section 7.2.3 MAY alter the interface.

If device implementations including the recents function navigation key as detailed in section 7.2.3 alter the interface, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support at least up to 7 displayed activities.
  • DOVREBBE mostrare almeno il titolo di 4 attività alla volta.
  • [C-1-2] MUST implement the screen pinning behavior and provide the user with a settings menu to toggle the feature.
  • DOVREBBE visualizzare il colore di evidenziazione, l'icona, il titolo della schermata nei recenti.
  • DOVREBBE visualizzare un'affordance di chiusura ("x") ma PUO' ritardarla fino a quando l'utente non interagisce con gli schermi.
  • SHOULD implement a shortcut to switch easily to the previous activity.
  • SHOULD trigger the fast-switch action between the two most recently used apps, when the recents function key is tapped twice.
  • SHOULD trigger the split-screen multiwindow-mode, if supported, when the recents functions key is long pressed.
  • MAY display affiliated recents as a group that moves together.
  • [SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to use the upstream Android user interface (or a similar thumbnail-based interface) for the overview screen.

3.8.9. Gestione degli ingressi

Android includes support for Input Management and support for third-party input method editors.

If device implementations allow users to use third-party input methods on the device, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST declare the platform feature android.software.input_methods and support IME APIs as defined in the Android SDK documentation.
  • [C-1-2] MUST provide a user-accessible mechanism to add and configure third-party input methods in response to the android.settings.INPUT_METHOD_SETTINGS intent.

If device implementations declare the android.software.autofill feature flag, they:

3.8.10. Blocca il controllo multimediale dello schermo

The Remote Control Client API is deprecated from Android 5.0 in favor of the Media Notification Template that allows media applications to integrate with playback controls that are displayed on the lock screen.

3.8.11. Screen savers (previously Dreams)

Android includes support for interactive screen savers , previously referred to as Dreams. Screen savers allow users to interact with applications when a device connected to a power source is idle or docked in a desk dock. Android Watch devices MAY implement screen savers, but other types of device implementations SHOULD include support for screen savers and provide a settings option for users to configure screen savers in response to the android.settings.DREAM_SETTINGS intent.

3.8.12. Posizione

If device implementations include a hardware sensor (eg GPS) that is capable of providing the location coordinates, they

3.8.13. Unicode e carattere

Android includes support for the emoji characters defined in Unicode 10.0 .

If device implementations include a screen or video output, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST be capable of rendering these emoji characters in color glyph.
  • [C-1-2] MUST include support for:
    • Roboto 2 font with different weights—sans-serif-thin, sans-serif-light, sans-serif-medium, sans-serif-black, sans-serif-condensed, sans-serif-condensed-light for the languages available on the dispositivo.
    • Full Unicode 7.0 coverage of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic, including the Latin Extended A, B, C, and D ranges, and all glyphs in the currency symbols block of Unicode 7.0.
  • SHOULD support the skin tone and diverse family emojis as specified in the Unicode Technical Report #51 .

If device implementations include an IME, they:

  • SHOULD provide an input method to the user for these emoji characters.

Android includes support to render Myanmar fonts. Myanmar has several non-Unicode compliant fonts, commonly known as “Zawgyi,” for rendering Myanmar languages.

If device implementations include support for Burmese, they:

* [C-2-1] MUST render text with Unicode compliant font as default;
  non-Unicode compliant font MUST NOT be set as default font unless the user
  chooses it in the language picker.
* [C-2-2] MUST support a Unicode font and a non-Unicode compliant font if a
  non-Unicode compliant font is supported on the device.  Non-Unicode
  compliant font MUST NOT remove or overwrite the Unicode font.
* [C-2-3] MUST render text with non-Unicode compliant font ONLY IF a
  language code with [script code Qaag](
  http://unicode.org/reports/tr35/#unicode_script_subtag_validity) is
  specified (e.g. my-Qaag). No other ISO language or region codes (whether
  assigned, unassigned, or reserved) can be used to refer to non-Unicode
  compliant font for Myanmar. App developers and web page authors can
  specify my-Qaag as the designated language code as they would for any
  other language.

3.8.14. Multi-windows

If device implementations have the capability to display multiple activities at the same time, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement such multi-window mode(s) in accordance with the application behaviors and APIs described in the Android SDK multi-window mode support documentation and meet the following requirements:
  • [C-1-2] MUST honor android:resizeableActivity that is set by an app in the AndroidManifest.xml file as described in this SDK .
  • [C-1-3] MUST NOT offer split-screen or freeform mode if the screen height is less than 440 dp and the screen width is less than 440 dp.
  • [C-1-4] An activity MUST NOT be resized to a size smaller than 220dp in multi-window modes other than picture-in-picture.
  • Device implementations with screen size xlarge SHOULD support freeform mode.

If device implementations support multi-window mode(s), and the split screen mode, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST preload a resizeable launcher as the default.
  • [C-2-2] MUST crop the docked activity of a split-screen multi-window but SHOULD show some content of it, if the Launcher app is the focused window.
  • [C-2-3] MUST honor the declared AndroidManifestLayout_minWidth and AndroidManifestLayout_minHeight values of the third-party launcher application and not override these values in the course of showing some content of the docked activity.

If device implementations support multi-window mode(s) and picture-in-picture multi-window mode, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST launch activities in picture-in-picture multi-window mode when the app is: * Targeting API level 26 or higher and declares android:supportsPictureInPicture * Targeting API level 25 or lower and declares both android:resizeableActivity and android:supportsPictureInPicture .
  • [C-3-2] MUST expose the actions in their SystemUI as specified by the current PIP activity through the setActions() API.
  • [C-3-3] MUST support aspect ratios greater than or equal to 1:2.39 and less than or equal to 2.39:1, as specified by the PIP activity through the setAspectRatio() API.
  • [C-3-4] MUST use KeyEvent.KEYCODE_WINDOW to control the PIP window; if PIP mode is not implemented, the key MUST be available to the foreground activity.
  • [C-3-5] MUST provide a user affordance to block an app from displaying in PIP mode; the AOSP implementation meets this requirement by having controls in the notification shade.
  • [C-3-6] MUST allocate minimum width and height of 108 dp for the PIP window and minimum width of 240 dp and height of 135 dp for the PIP window when the Configuration.uiMode is configured as UI_MODE_TYPE_TELEVISION .

3.8.15. Display Cutout

Android supports a Display Cutout as described in the SDK document. The DisplayCutout API defines an area on the edge of the display that is not functional for displaying content.

If device implementations include display cutout(s), they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST only have cutout(s) on the short edge(s) of the device. Conversely, if the device's aspect ratio is 1.0(1:1), they MUST NOT have cutout(s).
  • [C-1-2] MUST NOT have more than one cutout per edge.
  • [C-1-3] MUST honor the display cutout flags set by the app through the WindowManager.LayoutParams API as described in the SDK.
  • [C-1-4] MUST report correct values for all cutout metrics defined in the DisplayCutout API.

3.9. Amministrazione del dispositivo

Android includes features that allow security-aware applications to perform device administration functions at the system level, such as enforcing password policies or performing remote wipe, through the Android Device Administration API .

If device implementations implement the full range of device administration policies defined in the Android SDK documentation, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST declare android.software.device_admin .
  • [C-1-2] MUST support device owner provisioning as described in section 3.9.1 and section 3.9.1.1 .

3.9.1 Provisioning dei dispositivi

3.9.1.1 Provisioning del proprietario del dispositivo

If device implementations declare android.software.device_admin , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support enrolling a Device Policy Client (DPC) as a Device Owner app as described below:
  • [C-1-2] MUST require some affirmative action during the provisioning process to consent to the app being set as Device Owner. Consent can be via user action or by some programmatic means during provisioning but it MUST NOT be hard coded or prevent the use of other Device Owner apps.

If device implementations declare android.software.device_admin , but also include a proprietary Device Owner management solution and provide a mechanism to promote an application configured in their solution as a "Device Owner equivalent" to the standard "Device Owner" as recognized by the standard Android DevicePolicyManager APIs, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST have a process in place to verify that the specific app being promoted belongs to a legitimate enterprise device management solution and it has been already configured in the proprietary solution to have the rights equivalent as a "Device Owner" .
  • [C-2-2] MUST show the same AOSP Device Owner consent disclosure as the flow initiated by android.app.action.PROVISION_MANAGED_DEVICE prior to enrolling the DPC application as "Device Owner".
  • MAY have user data on the device prior to enrolling the DPC application as "Device Owner".
3.9.1.2 Provisioning di profili gestiti

If device implementations declare android.software.managed_users , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement the APIs allowing a Device Policy Controller (DPC) application to become the owner of a new Managed Profile .

  • [C-1-2] The managed profile provisioning process (the flow initiated by android.app.action.PROVISION_MANAGED_PROFILE ) users experience MUST align with the AOSP implementation.

  • [C-1-3] MUST provide the following user affordances within the Settings to indicate to the user when a particular system function has been disabled by the Device Policy Controller (DPC):

    • A consistent icon or other user affordance (for example the upstream AOSP info icon) to represent when a particular setting is restricted by a Device Admin.
    • A short explanation message, as provided by the Device Admin via the setShortSupportMessage .
    • The DPC application's icon.

3.9.2 Supporto dei profili gestiti

If device implementations declare android.software.managed_users , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support managed profiles via the android.app.admin.DevicePolicyManager APIs.
  • [C-1-2] MUST allow one and only one managed profile to be created .
  • [C-1-3] MUST use an icon badge (similar to the AOSP upstream work badge) to represent the managed applications and widgets and other badged UI elements like Recents & Notifications.
  • [C-1-4] MUST display a notification icon (similar to the AOSP upstream work badge) to indicate when user is within a managed profile application.
  • [C-1-5] MUST display a toast indicating that the user is in the managed profile if and when the device wakes up (ACTION_USER_PRESENT) and the foreground application is within the managed profile.
  • [C-1-6] Where a managed profile exists, MUST show a visual affordance in the Intent 'Chooser' to allow the user to forward the intent from the managed profile to the primary user or vice versa, if enabled by the Device Policy Controller.
  • [C-1-7] Where a managed profile exists, MUST expose the following user affordances for both the primary user and the managed profile:
    • Contabilità separata per batteria, posizione, dati mobili e utilizzo dello spazio di archiviazione per l'utente principale e il profilo gestito.
    • Gestione indipendente delle applicazioni VPN installate all'interno dell'utente primario o del profilo gestito.
    • Independent management of applications installed within the primary user or managed profile.
    • Gestione indipendente degli account all'interno dell'utente principale o del profilo gestito.
  • [C-1-8] MUST ensure the preinstalled dialer, contacts and messaging applications can search for and look up caller information from the managed profile (if one exists) alongside those from the primary profile, if the Device Policy Controller permits it.
  • [C-1-9] MUST ensure that it satisfies all the security requirements applicable for a device with multiple users enabled (see section 9.5 ), even though the managed profile is not counted as another user in addition to the primary user.
  • [C-1-10] MUST support the ability to specify a separate lock screen meeting the following requirements to grant access to apps running in a managed profile.
  • When contacts from the managed profile are displayed in the preinstalled call log, in-call UI, in-progress and missed-call notifications, contacts and messaging apps they SHOULD be badged with the same badge used to indicate managed profile applications.

3.9.3 Managed User Support

If device implementations declare android.software.managed_users , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST provide a user affordance to logout from the current user and switch back to the primary user in multiple-user session when isLogoutEnabled returns true . The user affordance MUST be accessible from the lockscreen without unlocking the device.

3.10. Accessibilità

Android fornisce un livello di accessibilità che aiuta gli utenti con disabilità a navigare più facilmente nei propri dispositivi. In addition, Android provides platform APIs that enable accessibility service implementations to receive callbacks for user and system events and generate alternate feedback mechanisms, such as text-to-speech, haptic feedback, and trackball/d-pad navigation.

If device implementations support third-party accessibility services, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST provide an implementation of the Android accessibility framework as described in the accessibility APIs SDK documentation.
  • [C-1-2] MUST generate accessibility events and deliver the appropriate AccessibilityEvent to all registered AccessibilityService implementations as documented in the SDK.
  • [C-1-3] MUST honor the android.settings.ACCESSIBILITY_SETTINGS intent to provide a user-accessible mechanism to enable and disable the third-party accessibility services alongside the preinstalled accessibility services.
  • [C-1-4] MUST add a button in the system's navigation bar allowing the user to control the accessibility service when the enabled accessibility services declare the AccessibilityServiceInfo.FLAG_REQUEST_ACCESSIBILITY_BUTTON . Note that for device implementations with no system navigation bar, this requirement is not applicable, but device implementations SHOULD provide a user affordance to control these accessibility services.

If device implementations include preinstalled accessibility services, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST implement these preinstalled accessibility services as Direct Boot Aware apps when the data storage is encrypted with File Based Encryption (FBE).
  • SHOULD provide a mechanism in the out-of-box setup flow for users to enable relevant accessibility services, as well as options to adjust the font size, display size and magnification gestures.

3.11. Da testo a voce

Android includes APIs that allow applications to make use of text-to-speech (TTS) services and allows service providers to provide implementations of TTS services.

If device implementations reporting the feature android.hardware.audio.output, they:

If device implementations support installation of third-party TTS engines, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST provide user affordance to allow the user to select a TTS engine for use at system level.

3.12. Struttura dell'input TV

Android Television Input Framework (TIF) semplifica la distribuzione di contenuti live ai dispositivi Android Television. TIF fornisce un'API standard per creare moduli di input che controllano i dispositivi Android Television.

If device implementations support TIF, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST declare the platform feature android.software.live_tv .
  • [C-1-2] MUST support all TIF APIs such that an application which uses these APIs and the third-party TIF-based inputs service can be installed and used on the device.

3.13. Impostazioni rapide

Android provides a Quick Settings UI component that allows quick access to frequently used or urgently needed actions.

If device implementations include a Quick Settings UI component, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST allow the user to add or remove the tiles provided through the quicksettings APIs from a third-party app.
  • [C-1-2] MUST NOT automatically add a tile from a third-party app directly to the Quick Settings.
  • [C-1-3] MUST display all the user-added tiles from third-party apps alongside the system-provided quick setting tiles.

3.14. Media UI

If device implementations include non-voice-activated applications (the Apps) that interact with third-party applications through MediaBrowser or MediaSession , the Apps:

  • [C-1-2] MUST clearly display icons obtained via getIconBitmap() or getIconUri() and titles obtained via getTitle() as described in MediaDescription . May shorten titles to comply with safety regulations (eg driver distraction).

  • [C-1-3] MUST show the third-party application icon whenever displaying content provided by this third-party application.

  • [C-1-4] MUST allow the user to interact with the entire MediaBrowser hierarchy. MAY restrict the access to part of the hierarchy to comply with safety regulations (eg driver distraction), but MUST NOT give preferential treatment based on content or content provider.

  • [C-1-5] MUST consider double tap of KEYCODE_HEADSETHOOK or KEYCODE_MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE as KEYCODE_MEDIA_NEXT for MediaSession.Callback#onMediaButtonEvent .

3.15. Instant Apps

Device implementations MUST satisfy the following requirements:

  • [C-0-1] Instant Apps MUST only be granted permissions that have the android:protectionLevel set to "instant" .
  • [C-0-2] Instant Apps MUST NOT interact with installed apps via implicit intents unless one of the following is true:
    • The component's intent pattern filter is exposed and has CATEGORY_BROWSABLE
    • The action is one of ACTION_SEND, ACTION_SENDTO, ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE
    • The target is explicitly exposed with android:visibleToInstantApps
  • [C-0-3] Instant Apps MUST NOT interact explicitly with installed apps unless the component is exposed via android:visibleToInstantApps.
  • [C-0-4] Installed Apps MUST NOT see details about Instant Apps on the device unless the Instant App explicitly connects to the installed application.
  • Device implementations MUST provide the following user affordances for interacting with Instant Apps. The AOSP meets the requirements with the default System UI, Settings, and Launcher. Implementazioni del dispositivo:
    • [C-0-5] MUST provide a user affordance to view and delete Instant Apps locally cached for each individual app package.
    • [C-0-6] MUST provide a persistent user notification that can be collapsed while an Instant App is running in the foreground. This user notification MUST include that Instant Apps do not require installation and provide a user affordance that directs the user to the application info screen in Settings. For Instant Apps launched via web intents, as defined by using an intent with action set to Intent.ACTION_VIEW and with a scheme of "http" or "https", an additional user affordance SHOULD allow the user not to launch the Instant App and launch the associated link with the configured web browser, if a browser is available on the device.
    • [C-0-7] MUST allow running Instant Apps to be accessed from the Recents function if the Recents function is available on the device.

3.16. Companion Device Pairing

Android includes support for companion device pairing to more effectively manage association with companion devices and provides the CompanionDeviceManager API for apps to access this feature.

If device implementations support the companion device pairing feature, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST declare the feature flag FEATURE_COMPANION_DEVICE_SETUP .
  • [C-1-2] MUST ensure the APIs in the android.companion package is fully implemented.
  • [C-1-3] MUST provide user affordances for the user to select/confirm a companion device is present and operational.

3.17. Heavyweight Apps

If device implementations declare the feature FEATURE_CANT_SAVE_STATE , then they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST have only one installed app that specifies cantSaveState running in the system at a time. If the user leaves such an app without explicitly exiting it (for example by pressing home while leaving an active activity the system, instead of pressing back with no remaining active activities in the system), then device implementations MUST prioritize that app in RAM as they do for other things that are expected to remain running, such as foreground services. While such an app is in the background, the system can still apply power management features to it, such as limiting CPU and network access.
  • [C-1-2] MUST provide a UI affordance to chose the app that won't participate in the normal state save/restore mechanism once the user launches a second app declared with cantSaveState attribute.
  • [C-1-3] MUST NOT apply other changes in policy to apps that specify cantSaveState , such as changing CPU performance or changing scheduling prioritization.

If device implementations don't declare the feature FEATURE_CANT_SAVE_STATE , then they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST ignore the cantSaveState attribute set by apps and MUST NOT change the app behavior based on that attribute.

4. Compatibilità dell'imballaggio dell'applicazione

Devices implementations:

  • [C-0-1] MUST be capable of installing and running Android “.apk” files as generated by the “aapt” tool included in the official Android SDK .
  • As the above requirement may be challenging, device implementations are RECOMMENDED to use the AOSP reference implementation's package management system.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-2] MUST support verifying “.apk” files using the APK Signature Scheme v3 , APK Signature Scheme v2 and JAR signing .
  • [C-0-3] MUST NOT extend either the .apk , Android Manifest , Dalvik bytecode , or RenderScript bytecode formats in such a way that would prevent those files from installing and running correctly on other compatible devices.
  • [C-0-4] MUST NOT allow apps other than the current "installer of record" for the package to silently uninstall the app without any user confirmation, as documented in the SDK for the DELETE_PACKAGE permission. The only exceptions are the system package verifier app handling PACKAGE_NEEDS_VERIFICATION intent and the storage manager app handling ACTION_MANAGE_STORAGE intent.

  • [C-0-5] MUST have an activity that handles the android.settings.MANAGE_UNKNOWN_APP_SOURCES intent.

  • [C-0-6] MUST NOT install application packages from unknown sources, unless the app that requests the installation meets all the following requirements:

    • It MUST declare the REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES permission or have the android:targetSdkVersion set at 24 or lower.
    • It MUST have been granted permission by the user to install apps from unknown sources.
  • SHOULD provide a user affordance to grant/revoke the permission to install apps from unknown sources per application, but MAY choose to implement this as a no-op and return RESULT_CANCELED for startActivityForResult() , if the device implementation does not want to allow users to have this choice. However, even in such cases, they SHOULD indicate to the user why there is no such choice presented.

  • [C-0-7] MUST display a warning dialog with the warning string that is provided through the system API PackageManager.setHarmfulAppWarning to the user before launching an activity in an application that has been marked by the same system API PackageManager.setHarmfulAppWarning as potentially dannoso.

  • SHOULD provide a user affordance to choose to uninstall or launch an application on the warning dialog.

5. Compatibilità multimediale

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST support the media formats, encoders, decoders, file types, and container formats defined in section 5.1 for each and every codec declared by MediaCodecList .
  • [C-0-2] MUST declare and report support of the encoders, decoders available to third-party applications via MediaCodecList .
  • [C-0-3] MUST be able to properly decode and make available to third-party apps all the formats it can encode. This includes all bitstreams that its encoders generate and the profiles reported in its CamcorderProfile .

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • SHOULD aim for minimum codec latency, in others words, they
    • SHOULD NOT consume and store input buffers and return input buffers only once processed.
    • SHOULD NOT hold onto decoded buffers for longer than as specified by the standard (eg SPS).
    • SHOULD NOT hold onto encoded buffers longer than required by the GOP structure.

All of the codecs listed in the section below are provided as software implementations in the preferred Android implementation from the Android Open Source Project.

Tieni presente che né Google né Open Handset Alliance rilasciano alcuna dichiarazione in merito al fatto che questi codec siano esenti da brevetti di terze parti. Coloro che intendono utilizzare questo codice sorgente in prodotti hardware o software sono informati che le implementazioni di questo codice, inclusi software open source o shareware, potrebbero richiedere licenze di brevetto da parte dei relativi titolari dei brevetti.

5.1. Codec multimediali

5.1.1. Audio Encoding

See more details in 5.1.3. Audio Codecs Details .

If device implementations declare android.hardware.microphone , they MUST support encoding the following audio formats and make them available to third-party apps:

  • [C-1-1] PCM/WAVE
  • [C-1-2] FLAC
  • [C-1-3] Opus

All audio encoders MUST support:

5.1.2. Audio Decoding

See more details in 5.1.3. Audio Codecs Details .

If device implementations declare support for the android.hardware.audio.output feature, they MUST support decoding the following audio formats:

  • [C-1-1] MPEG-4 AAC Profile (AAC LC)
  • [C-1-2] MPEG-4 HE AAC Profile (AAC+)
  • [C-1-3] MPEG-4 HE AACv2 Profile (enhanced AAC+)
  • [C-1-4] AAC ELD (enhanced low delay AAC)
  • [C-1-11] xHE-AAC (ISO/IEC 23003-3 Extended HE AAC Profile, which includes the USAC Baseline Profile, and ISO/IEC 23003-4 Dynamic Range Control Profile)
  • [C-1-5] FLAC
  • [C-1-6] MP3
  • [C-1-7] MIDI
  • [C-1-8] Vorbis
  • [C-1-9] PCM/WAVE including high-resolution audio formats up to 24 bits, 192 kHz sample rate, and 8 channels. Note that this requirement is for decoding only, and that a device is permitted to downsample and downmix during the playback phase.
  • [C-1-10] Opus

If device implementations support the decoding of AAC input buffers of multichannel streams (ie more than two channels) to PCM through the default AAC audio decoder in the android.media.MediaCodec API, the following MUST be supported:

  • [C-2-1] Decoding MUST be performed without downmixing (eg a 5.0 AAC stream MUST be decoded to five channels of PCM, a 5.1 AAC stream MUST be decoded to six channels of PCM).
  • [C-2-2] Dynamic range metadata MUST be as defined in "Dynamic Range Control (DRC)" in ISO/IEC 14496-3, and the android.media.MediaFormat DRC keys to configure the dynamic range-related behaviors of the audio decoder. The AAC DRC keys were introduced in API 21, and are: KEY_AAC_DRC_ATTENUATION_FACTOR , KEY_AAC_DRC_BOOST_FACTOR , KEY_AAC_DRC_HEAVY_COMPRESSION , KEY_AAC_DRC_TARGET_REFERENCE_LEVEL and KEY_AAC_ENCODED_TARGET_LEVEL .
  • [SR] It is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED that requirements C-2-1 and C-2-2 above are satisfied by all AAC audio decoders.

When decoding USAC audio, MPEG-D (ISO/IEC 23003-4):

  • [C-3-1] Loudness and DRC metadata MUST be interpreted and applied according to MPEG-D DRC Dynamic Range Control Profile Level 1.
  • [C-3-2] The decoder MUST behave according to the configuration set with the following android.media.MediaFormat keys: KEY_AAC_DRC_TARGET_REFERENCE_LEVEL and KEY_AAC_DRC_EFFECT_TYPE .

MPEG-4 AAC, HE AAC, and HE AACv2 profile decoders:

  • MAY support loudness and dynamic range control using ISO/IEC 23003-4 Dynamic Range Control Profile.

If ISO/IEC 23003-4 is supported and if both ISO/IEC 23003-4 and ISO/IEC 14496-3 metadata are present in a decoded bitstream, then:

  • ISO/IEC 23003-4 metadata SHALL take precedence.

All audio decoders MUST support outputting:

5.1.3. Audio Codecs Details

Formato/Codec Dettagli File Types/Container Formats to be supported
Profilo MPEG-4 AAC
(AACLC)
Support for mono/stereo/5.0/5.1 content with standard sampling rates from 8 to 48 kHz.
  • 3GPP (.3gp)
  • MPEG-4 (.mp4, .m4a)
  • ADTS raw AAC (.aac, ADIF not supported)
  • MPEG-TS (.ts, not seekable, decode only)
  • Matroska (.mkv, decode only)
Profilo MPEG-4 HE AAC (AAC+) Support for mono/stereo/5.0/5.1 content with standard sampling rates from 16 to 48 kHz.
  • 3GPP (.3gp)
  • MPEG-4 (.mp4, .m4a)
MPEG-4HEAACv2
Profilo (AAC+ avanzato)
Support for mono/stereo/5.0/5.1 content with standard sampling rates from 16 to 48 kHz.
  • 3GPP (.3gp)
  • MPEG-4 (.mp4, .m4a)
AAC ELD (AAC a basso ritardo potenziato) Supporto per contenuti mono/stereo con frequenze di campionamento standard da 16 a 48 kHz.
  • 3GPP (.3gp)
  • MPEG-4 (.mp4, .m4a)
USAC Support for mono/stereo content with standard sampling rates from 7.35 to 48 kHz. MPEG-4 (.mp4, .m4a)
AMR-NB Da 4,75 a 12,2 kbps campionati a 8 kHz 3GPP (.3gp)
AMR-WB 9 rates from 6.60 kbit/s to 23.85 kbit/s sampled @ 16 kHz, as defined at AMR-WB, Adaptive Multi-Rate - Wideband Speech Codec 3GPP (.3gp)
FLAC For both encoder and decoder: at least Mono and Stereo modes MUST be supported. Sample rates up to 192 kHz MUST be supported; 16-bit and 24-bit resolution MUST be supported. FLAC 24-bit audio data handling MUST be available with floating point audio configuration.
  • FLAC (.flac)
  • MPEG-4 (.mp4, .m4a, decode only)
  • Matroska (.mkv, decode only)
MP3 Mono/stereo 8-320 Kbps costante (CBR) o bitrate variabile (VBR)
  • MP3 (.mp3)
  • MPEG-4 (.mp4, .m4a, decode only)
  • Matroska (.mkv, decode only)
MIDI Tipo MIDI 0 e 1. Versione DLS 1 e 2. XMF e Mobile XMF. Supporto per i formati suoneria RTTTL/RTX, OTA e iMelody
  • Digitare 0 e 1 (.mid, .xmf, .mxmf)
  • RTTTL/RTX (.rtttl, .rtx)
  • OTA (.ota)
  • iMelodia (.imy)
Vorbis
  • Ogg (.ogg)
  • MPEG-4 (.mp4, .m4a, decode only)
  • Matroska (.mkv)
  • Webm (.webm)
PCM/ONDA PCM codec MUST support 16-bit linear PCM and 16-bit float. WAVE extractor MUST support 16-bit, 24-bit, 32-bit linear PCM and 32-bit float (rates up to limit of hardware). Sampling rates MUST be supported from 8 kHz to 192 kHz. ONDA (.wav)
Opus
  • Ogg (.ogg)
  • MPEG-4 (.mp4, .m4a, decode only)
  • Matroska (.mkv)
  • Webm (.webm)

5.1.4. Image Encoding

See more details in 5.1.6. Image Codecs Details .

Device implementations MUST support encoding the following image encoding:

  • [C-0-1] JPEG
  • [C-0-2] PNG
  • [C-0-3] WebP

If device implementations support HEIC encoding via android.media.MediaCodec for media type MIMETYPE_IMAGE_ANDROID_HEIC , they:

5.1.5. Image Decoding

See more details in 5.1.6. Image Codecs Details .

Device implementations MUST support decoding the following image encoding:

  • [C-0-1] JPEG
  • [C-0-2] GIF
  • [C-0-3] PNG
  • [C-0-4] BMP
  • [C-0-5] WebP
  • [C-0-6] Raw
  • [C-0-7] HEIF (HEIC)

Image decoders that support a high bit-depth format (9+ bits per channel)

  • [C-1-1] MUST support outputting an 8-bit equivalent format if requested by the application, for example, via the ARGB_8888 config of android.graphics.Bitmap .

5.1.6. Image Codecs Details

Formato/Codec Dettagli Tipi di file/formati contenitore supportati
JPEG Base+progressivo JPEG (.jpg)
GIF GIF (.gif)
PNG PNG (.png)
BMP BMP (.bmp)
WebP WebP (.webp)
Crudo ARW (.arw), CR2 (.cr2), DNG (.dng), NEF (.nef), NRW (.nrw), ORF (.orf), PEF (.pef), RAF (.raf), RW2 (.rw2), SRW (.srw)
HEIF Image, Image collection, Image sequence HEIF (.heif), HEIC (.heic)

Image encoder and decoders exposed through the MediaCodec API

  • [C-1-1] MUST support YUV420 8:8:8 flexible color format ( COLOR_FormatYUV420Flexible ) through CodecCapabilities .

  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support RGB888 color format for input Surface mode.

  • [C-1-3] MUST support at least one of a planar or semiplanar YUV420 8:8:8 color format: COLOR_FormatYUV420PackedPlanar (equivalent to COLOR_FormatYUV420Planar ) or COLOR_FormatYUV420PackedSemiPlanar (equivalent to COLOR_FormatYUV420SemiPlanar ). They are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support both.

5.1.7. Codec video

  • For acceptable quality of web video streaming and video-conference services, device implementations SHOULD use a hardware VP8 codec that meets the requirements .

If device implementations include a video decoder or encoder:

  • [C-1-1] Video codecs MUST support output and input bytebuffer sizes that accommodate the largest feasible compressed and uncompressed frame as dictated by the standard and configuration but also not overallocate.

  • [C-1-2] Video encoders and decoders MUST support YUV420 8:8:8 flexible color formats ( COLOR_FormatYUV420Flexible ) through CodecCapabilities .

  • [C-1-3] Video encoders and decoders MUST support at least one of a planar or semiplanar YUV420 8:8:8 color format: COLOR_FormatYUV420PackedPlanar (equivalent to COLOR_FormatYUV420Planar ) or COLOR_FormatYUV420PackedSemiPlanar (equivalent to COLOR_FormatYUV420SemiPlanar ). They are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support both.

  • [SR] Video encoders and decoders are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support at least one of a hardware optimized planar or semiplanar YUV420 8:8:8 color format (YV12, NV12, NV21 or equivalent vendor optimized format.)

  • [C-1-5] Video decoders that support a high bit-depth format (9+ bits per channel) MUST support outputting an 8-bit equivalent format if requested by the application. This MUST be reflected by supporting an YUV420 8:8:8 color format via android.media.MediaCodecInfo .

If device implementations advertise HDR profile support through Display.HdrCapabilities , they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST support HDR static metadata parsing and handling.

If device implementations advertise intra refresh support through FEATURE_IntraRefresh in the MediaCodecInfo.CodecCapabilities class, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST support the refresh periods in the range of 10 - 60 frames and accurately operate within 20% of configured refresh period.

Unless the application specifies otherwise using the KEY_COLOR_FORMAT format key, video decoder implementations:

  • [C-4-1] MUST default to the color format optimized for hardware display if configured using Surface output.
  • [C-4-2] MUST default to a YUV420 8:8:8 color format optimized for CPU reading if configured to not use Surface output.

5.1.8. Video Codecs List

Formato/Codec Dettagli File Types/Container Formats to be supported
H.263
  • 3GPP (.3gp)
  • MPEG-4 (.mp4)
  • Matroska (.mkv, decode only)
H.264AV Per i dettagli vedere le sezioni 5.2 e 5.3
  • 3GPP (.3gp)
  • MPEG-4 (.mp4)
  • MPEG-2 TS (.ts, not seekable)
  • Matroska (.mkv, decode only)
H.265HEVC Vedere la sezione 5.3 per i dettagli
  • MPEG-4 (.mp4)
  • Matroska (.mkv, decode only)
MPEG-2 Profilo principale
  • MPEG2-TS (.ts, not seekable)
  • MPEG-4 (.mp4, decode only)
  • Matroska (.mkv, decode only)
MPEG-4SP
  • 3GPP (.3gp)
  • MPEG-4 (.mp4)
  • Matroska (.mkv, decode only)
VP8 Per i dettagli vedere le sezioni 5.2 e 5.3
VP9 Vedere la sezione 5.3 per i dettagli

5.1.9. Media Codec Security

Device implementations MUST ensure compliance with media codec security features as described below.

Android includes support for OMX, a cross-platform multimedia acceleration API, as well as Codec 2.0, a low-overhead multimedia acceleration API.

If device implementations support multimedia, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST provide support for media codecs either via OMX or Codec 2.0 APIs (or both) as in the Android Open Source Project and not disable or circumvent the security protections. This specifically does not mean that every codec MUST use either the OMX or Codec 2.0 API, only that support for at least one of these APIs MUST be available, and support for the available APIs MUST include the security protections present.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to include support for Codec 2.0 API.

If device implementations do not support the Codec 2.0 API, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST include the corresponding OMX software codec from the Android Open Source Project (if it is available) for each media format and type (encoder or decoder) supported by the device.
  • [C-2-2] Codecs that have names starting with "OMX.google." MUST be based on their Android Open Source Project source code.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED that the OMX software codecs run in a codec process that does not have access to hardware drivers other than memory mappers.

If device implementations support Codec 2.0 API, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST include the corresponding Codec 2.0 software codec from the Android Open Source Project (if it is available) for each media format and type (encoder or decoder) supported by the device.
  • [C-3-2] MUST house the Codec 2.0 software codecs in the software codec process as provided in the Android Open Source Project to make it possible to more narrowly grant access to software codecs.
  • [C-3-3] Codecs that have names starting with "c2.android." MUST be based on their Android Open Source Project source code.

5.1.10. Media Codec Characterization

If device implementations support media codecs, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST return correct values of media codec characterization via the MediaCodecInfo API.

In particolare:

  • [C-1-2] Codecs with names starting with "OMX." MUST use the OMX APIs and have names that conform to OMX IL naming guidelines.
  • [C-1-3] Codecs with names starting with "c2." MUST use the Codec 2.0 API and have names that conform to Codec 2.0 naming guidelines for Android.
  • [C-1-4] Codecs with names starting with "OMX.google." or "c2.android." MUST NOT be characterized as vendor or as hardware-accelerated.
  • [C-1-5] Codecs that run in a codec process (vendor or system) that have access to hardware drivers other than memory allocators and mappers MUST NOT be characterized as software-only.
  • [C-1-6] Codecs not present in the Android Open Source Project or not based on the source code in that project MUST be characterized as vendor.
  • [C-1-7] Codecs that utilize hardware acceleration MUST be characterized as hardware accelerated.
  • [C-1-8] Codec names MUST NOT be misleading. For example, codecs named "decoders" MUST support decoding, and those named "encoders" MUST support encoding. Codecs with names containing media formats MUST support those formats.

If device implementations support video codecs:

  • [C-2-1] All video codecs MUST publish achievable frame rate data for the following sizes if supported by the codec:
SD (low quality) SD (high quality) HD 720p HD1080p UHD
Risoluzione video
  • 176 x 144 px (H263, MPEG2, MPEG4)
  • 352 x 288 px (MPEG4 encoder, H263, MPEG2)
  • 320 x 180 px (VP8, VP8)
  • 320 x 240 px (other)
  • 704 x 576 px (H263)
  • 640 x 360 px (VP8, VP9)
  • 640 x 480 px (MPEG4 encoder)
  • 720 x 480 px (other)
  • 1408 x 1152 px (H263)
  • 1280 x 720 px (other)
1920 x 1080 px (other than MPEG4) 3840 x 2160 px (HEVC, VP9)
  • [C-2-2] Video codecs that are characterized as hardware accelerated MUST publish performance points information. They MUST each list all supported standard performance points (listed in PerformancePoint API), unless they are covered by another supported standard performance point.
  • Additionally they SHOULD publish extended performance points if they support sustained video performance other than one of the standard ones listed.

5.2. Codifica video

If device implementations support any video encoder and make it available to third-party apps, they:

  • SHOULD NOT be, over two sliding windows, more than 15% over the bitrate between intraframe (I-frame) intervals.
  • SHOULD NOT be more than 100% over the bitrate over a sliding window of 1 second.

If device implementations include an embedded screen display with the diagonal length of at least 2.5 inches or include a video output port or declare the support of a camera via the android.hardware.camera.any feature flag, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST include the support of at least one of the VP8 or H.264 video encoders, and make it available for third-party applications.
  • SHOULD support both VP8 and H.264 video encoders, and make it available for third-party applications.

If device implementations support any of the H.264, VP8, VP9 or HEVC video encoders and make it available to third-party applications, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST support dynamically configurable bitrates.
  • SHOULD support variable frame rates, where video encoder SHOULD determine instantaneous frame duration based on the timestamps of input buffers, and allocate its bit bucket based on that frame duration.

If device implementations support the MPEG-4 SP video encoder and make it available to third-party apps, they:

  • SHOULD support dynamically configurable bitrates for the supported encoder.

If device implementations provide hardware accelerated video or image encoders, and support one or more attached or pluggable hardware camera(s) exposed through the android.camera APIs:

  • [C-4-1] all hardware accelerated video and image encoders MUST support encoding frames from the hardware camera(s).
  • SHOULD support encoding frames from the hardware camera(s) through all video or image encoders.

5.2.1. H.263

If device implementations support H.263 encoders and make it available to third-party apps, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support Baseline Profile Level 45.
  • SHOULD support dynamically configurable bitrates for the supported encoder.

5.2.2. H.264

If device implementations support H.264 codec, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support Baseline Profile Level 3. However, support for ASO (Arbitrary Slice Ordering), FMO (Flexible Macroblock Ordering) and RS (Redundant Slices) is OPTIONAL. Moreover, to maintain compatibility with other Android devices, it is RECOMMENDED that ASO, FMO and RS are not used for Baseline Profile by encoders.
  • [C-1-2] MUST support the SD (Standard Definition) video encoding profiles in the following table.
  • SHOULD support Main Profile Level 4.
  • SHOULD support the HD (High Definition) video encoding profiles as indicated in the following table.

If device implementations report support of H.264 encoding for 720p or 1080p resolution videos through the media APIs, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST support the encoding profiles in the following table.
SD (bassa qualità) SD (alta qualità) HD 720p HD1080p
Risoluzione video 320 x 240 px 720 x 480 px 1280 x 720 px 1920 x 1080 px
Rate di frame video 20 fps 30 fps 30 fps 30 fps
Bitrate video 384 kbps 2 Mbps 4 Mbps 10 Mbps

5.2.3. VP8

If device implementations support VP8 codec, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support the SD video encoding profiles.
  • SHOULD support the following HD (High Definition) video encoding profiles.
  • [C-1-2] MUST support writing Matroska WebM files.
  • SHOULD provide a hardware VP8 codec that meets the WebM project RTC hardware coding requirements , to ensure acceptable quality of web video streaming and video-conference services.

If device implementations report support of VP8 encoding for 720p or 1080p resolution videos through the media APIs, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST support the encoding profiles in the following table.
SD (bassa qualità) SD (alta qualità) HD 720p HD1080p
Risoluzione video 320 x 180 px 640 x 360 px 1280 x 720 px 1920 x 1080 px
Rate di frame video 30 fps 30 fps 30 fps 30 fps
Bitrate video 800 kbps 2 Mbps 4 Mbps 10 Mbps

5.2.4. VP9

If device implementations support VP9 codec, they:

  • [C-1-2] MUST support Profile 0 Level 3.
  • [C-1-1] MUST support writing Matroska WebM files.
  • [C-1-3] MUST generate CodecPrivate data.
  • SHOULD support the HD decoding profiles as indicated in the following table.
  • [SR] are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support the HD decoding profiles as indicated in the following table if there is a hardware encoder.
SD HD 720p HD1080p UHD
Risoluzione video 720 x 480 px 1280 x 720 px 1920 x 1080 px 3840 x 2160 px
Rate di frame video 30 fps 30 fps 30 fps 30 fps
Bitrate video 1,6 Mbps 4 Mbps 5 Mbps 20 Mbps

If device implementations claim to support Profile 2 or Profile 3 through the Media APIs:

  • Support for 12-bit format is OPTIONAL.

5.2.5. H.265

If device implementations support H.265 codec, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support Main Profile Level 3.
  • SHOULD support the HD encoding profiles as indicated in the following table.
  • [SR] are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support the HD encoding profiles as indicated in the following table if there is a hardware encoder.
SD HD 720p HD1080p UHD
Risoluzione video 720 x 480 px 1280 x 720 px 1920 x 1080 px 3840 x 2160 px
Rate di frame video 30 fps 30 fps 30 fps 30 fps
Bitrate video 1,6 Mbps 4 Mbps 5 Mbps 20 Mbps

5.3. Decodifica video

If device implementations support VP8, VP9, H.264, or H.265 codecs, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support dynamic video resolution and frame rate switching through the standard Android APIs within the same stream for all VP8, VP9, H.264, and H.265 codecs in real time and up to the maximum resolution supported by each codec on the device.

5.3.1. MPEG-2

If device implementations support MPEG-2 decoders, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support the Main Profile High Level.

5.3.2. H.263

If device implementations support H.263 decoders, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support Baseline Profile Level 30 and Level 45.

5.3.3. MPEG-4

If device implementations with MPEG-4 decoders, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support Simple Profile Level 3.

5.3.4. H.264

If device implementations support H.264 decoders, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support Main Profile Level 3.1 and Baseline Profile. Support for ASO (Arbitrary Slice Ordering), FMO (Flexible Macroblock Ordering) and RS (Redundant Slices) is OPTIONAL.
  • [C-1-2] MUST be capable of decoding videos with the SD (Standard Definition) profiles listed in the following table and encoded with the Baseline Profile and Main Profile Level 3.1 (including 720p30).
  • SHOULD be capable of decoding videos with the HD (High Definition) profiles as indicated in the following table.

If the height that is reported by the Display.getSupportedModes() method is equal or greater than the video resolution, device implementations:

  • [C-2-1] MUST support the HD 720p video decoding profiles in the following table.
  • [C-2-2] MUST support the HD 1080p video decoding profiles in the following table.
SD (bassa qualità) SD (alta qualità) HD 720p HD1080p
Risoluzione video 320 x 240 px 720 x 480 px 1280 x 720 px 1920 x 1080 px
Rate di frame video 30 fps 30 fps 60 fps 30 fps (60 fps Television )
Bitrate video 800 kbps 2 Mbps 8 Mbps 20 Mbps

5.3.5. H.265 (HEVC)

If device implementations support H.265 codec, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support the Main Profile Level 3 Main tier and the SD video decoding profiles as indicated in the following table.
  • SHOULD support the HD decoding profiles as indicated in the following table.
  • [C-1-2] MUST support the HD decoding profiles as indicated in the following table if there is a hardware decoder.

If the height that is reported by the Display.getSupportedModes() method is equal to or greater than the video resolution, then:

  • [C-2-1] Device implementations MUST support at least one of H.265 or VP9 decoding of 720, 1080 and UHD profiles.
SD (bassa qualità) SD (alta qualità) HD 720p HD1080p UHD
Risoluzione video 352 x 288 px 720 x 480 px 1280 x 720 px 1920 x 1080 px 3840 x 2160 px
Rate di frame video 30 fps 30 fps 30 fps 30/60 fps (60 fps Television with H.265 hardware decoding ) 60 fps
Bitrate video 600 kbps 1,6 Mbps 4 Mbps 5 Mbps 20 Mbps

If device implementations claim to support an HDR Profile ( HEVCProfileMain10HDR10 , HEVCProfileMain10HDR10Plus ) through the Media APIs:

  • [C-3-1] Device implementations MUST accept the required HDR metadata ( MediaFormat#KEY_HDR_STATIC_INFO for all HDR profiles) from the application using MediaCodec API, as well as support extracting the required HDR metadata ( MediaFormat#KEY_HDR_STATIC_INFO for all HDR profiles, as well as MediaFormat#KEY_HDR10_PLUS_INFO for HDR10Plus profiles) from the bitstream and/or container as defined by the relevant specifications. They MUST also support outputting the required HDR metadata ( MediaFormat#KEY_HDR_STATIC_INFO for all HDR profiles) from the bitstream and/or container as defined by the relevant specifications.

  • [C-SR] The device implementations are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support outputting the metadata MediaFormat#KEY_HDR10_PLUS_INFO for HDR10Plus profiles via MediaCodec#getOutputFormat(int) .

  • [C-3-2] Device implementations MUST properly display HDR content for HEVCProfileMain10HDR10 profile on the device screen or on a standard video output port (eg, HDMI).

  • [C-SR] Device implementations are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to properly display HDR content for HEVCProfileMain10HDR10Plus profile on the device screen or on a standard video output port (eg, HDMI).

5.3.6. VP8

If device implementations support VP8 codec, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support the SD decoding profiles in the following table.
  • SHOULD use a hardware VP8 codec that meets the requirements .
  • SHOULD support the HD decoding profiles in the following table.

If the height as reported by the Display.getSupportedModes() method is equal or greater than the video resolution, then:

  • [C-2-1] Device implementations MUST support 720p profiles in the following table.
  • [C-2-2] Device implementations MUST support 1080p profiles in the following table.
SD (bassa qualità) SD (alta qualità) HD 720p HD1080p
Risoluzione video 320 x 180 px 640 x 360 px 1280 x 720 px 1920 x 1080 px
Rate di frame video 30 fps 30 fps 30 fps (60 fps Television ) 30 (60 fps Television )
Bitrate video 800 kbps 2 Mbps 8 Mbps 20 Mbps

5.3.7. VP9

If device implementations support VP9 codec, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support the SD video decoding profiles as indicated in the following table.
  • SHOULD support the HD decoding profiles as indicated in the following table.

If device implementations support VP9 codec and a hardware decoder:

  • [C-2-1] MUST support the HD decoding profiles as indicated in the following table.

If the height that is reported by the Display.getSupportedModes() method is equal to or greater than the video resolution, then:

  • [C-3-1] Device implementations MUST support at least one of VP9 or H.265 decoding of the 720, 1080 and UHD profiles.
SD (bassa qualità) SD (alta qualità) HD 720p HD1080p UHD
Risoluzione video 320 x 180 px 640 x 360 px 1280 x 720 px 1920 x 1080 px 3840 x 2160 px
Rate di frame video 30 fps 30 fps 30 fps 30 fps (60 fps Television with VP9 hardware decoding ) 60 fps
Bitrate video 600 kbps 1,6 Mbps 4 Mbps 5 Mbps 20 Mbps

If device implementations claim to support VP9Profile2 or VP9Profile3 through the 'CodecProfileLevel' media APIs:

  • Support for 12-bit format is OPTIONAL.

If device implementations claim to support an HDR Profile ( VP9Profile2HDR , VP9Profile2HDR10Plus , VP9Profile3HDR , VP9Profile3HDR10Plus ) through the media APIs:

  • [C-4-1] Device implementations MUST accept the required HDR metadata ( MediaFormat#KEY_HDR_STATIC_INFO for all HDR profiles, as well as parameter MediaCodec#PARAMETER_KEY_HDR10_PLUS_INFO for HDR10Plus profiles) from the application using MediaCodec API, as well as support extracting the required HDR metadata ( MediaFormat#KEY_HDR_STATIC_INFO for all HDR profiles, as well as MediaFormat#KEY_HDR10_PLUS_INFO for HDR10Plus profiles) from the bitstream and/or container as defined by the relevant specifications. They MUST also support outputting the required HDR metadata ( MediaFormat#KEY_HDR_STATIC_INFO for all HDR profiles) from the bitstream and/or container as defined by the relevant specifications.

  • [C-4-2] Device implementations MUST properly display HDR content for VP9Profile2HDR and VP9Profile3HDR profiles on the device screen or on a standard video output port (eg, HDMI).

  • [C-SR] The device implementations are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support outputting the metadata MediaFormat#KEY_HDR10_PLUS_INFO for HDR10Plus profiles via MediaCodec#getOutputFormat(int) .

  • [C-SR] Device implementations are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to properly display HDR content for VP9Profile2HDR10Plus and VP9Profile3HDR10Plus profiles on the device screen or on a standard video output port (eg, HDMI).

5.3.8. Dolby Vision

If device implementations declare support for the Dolby Vision decoder through HDR_TYPE_DOLBY_VISION , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST provide a Dolby Vision-capable extractor.
  • [C-1-2] MUST properly display Dolby Vision content on the device screen or on a standard video output port (eg, HDMI).
  • [C-1-3] MUST set the track index of backward-compatible base-layer(s) (if present) to be the same as the combined Dolby Vision layer's track index.

5.3.9. AV1

If device implementations support AV1 codec, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support Profile 0 including 10-bit content.

5.4. Registrazione audio

While some of the requirements outlined in this section are listed as SHOULD since Android 4.3, the Compatibility Definition for future versions are planned to change these to MUST. Existing and new Android devices are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to meet these requirements that are listed as SHOULD, or they will not be able to attain Android compatibility when upgraded to the future version.

5.4.1. Raw Audio Capture and Microphone Information

If device implementations declare android.hardware.microphone , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST allow capture of raw audio content with the following characteristics:

    • Formato : PCM lineare, 16 bit
    • Sampling rates : 8000, 11025, 16000, 44100, 48000 Hz
    • Canali : mono
  • SHOULD allow capture of raw audio content with the following characteristics:

    • Format : Linear PCM, 16-bit and 24-bit
    • Sampling rates : 8000, 11025, 16000, 22050, 24000, 32000, 44100, 48000 Hz
    • Channels : As many channels as the number of microphones on the device
  • [C-1-2] MUST capture at above sample rates without up-sampling.

  • [C-1-3] MUST include an appropriate anti-aliasing filter when the sample rates given above are captured with down-sampling.
  • SHOULD allow AM radio and DVD quality capture of raw audio content, which means the following characteristics:

    • Formato : PCM lineare, 16 bit
    • Sampling rates : 22050, 48000 Hz
    • Canali : stereo
  • [C-1-4] MUST honor the MicrophoneInfo API and properly fill in information for the available microphones on device accessible to the third-party applications via the AudioManager.getMicrophones() API, and the currently active microphones which are accessible to the third party applications via the AudioRecord.getActiveMicrophones() and MediaRecorder.getActiveMicrophones() APIs. If device implementations allow AM radio and DVD quality capture of raw audio content, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST capture without up-sampling at any ratio higher than 16000:22050 or 44100:48000.

  • [C-2-2] MUST include an appropriate anti-aliasing filter for any up-sampling or down-sampling.

5.4.2. Cattura per il riconoscimento vocale

If device implementations declare android.hardware.microphone , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST capture android.media.MediaRecorder.AudioSource.VOICE_RECOGNITION audio source at one of the sampling rates, 44100 and 48000.
  • [C-1-2] MUST, by default, disable any noise reduction audio processing when recording an audio stream from the AudioSource.VOICE_RECOGNITION audio source.
  • [C-1-3] MUST, by default, disable any automatic gain control when recording an audio stream from the AudioSource.VOICE_RECOGNITION audio source.
  • SHOULD record the voice recognition audio stream with approximately flat amplitude versus frequency characteristics: specifically, ±3 dB, from 100 Hz to 4000 Hz.
  • SHOULD record the voice recognition audio stream with input sensitivity set such that a 90 dB sound power level (SPL) source at 1000 Hz yields RMS of 2500 for 16-bit samples.
  • SHOULD record the voice recognition audio stream so that the PCM amplitude levels linearly track input SPL changes over at least a 30 dB range from -18 dB to +12 dB re 90 dB SPL at the microphone.
  • SHOULD record the voice recognition audio stream with total harmonic distortion (THD) less than 1% for 1 kHz at 90 dB SPL input level at the microphone.

If device implementations declare android.hardware.microphone and noise suppression (reduction) technologies tuned for speech recognition, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST allow this audio effect to be controllable with the android.media.audiofx.NoiseSuppressor API.
  • [C-2-2] MUST uniquely identify each noise suppression technology implementation via the AudioEffect.Descriptor.uuid field.

5.4.3. Cattura per reindirizzare la riproduzione

La classe android.media.MediaRecorder.AudioSource include la sorgente audio REMOTE_SUBMIX .

If device implementations declare both android.hardware.audio.output and android.hardware.microphone , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST properly implement the REMOTE_SUBMIX audio source so that when an application uses the android.media.AudioRecord API to record from this audio source, it captures a mix of all audio streams except for the following:

    • AudioManager.STREAM_RING
    • AudioManager.STREAM_ALARM
    • AudioManager.STREAM_NOTIFICATION

5.4.4. Acoustic Echo Canceler

If device implementations declare android.hardware.microphone , they:

  • SHOULD implement an Acoustic Echo Canceler (AEC) technology tuned for voice communication and applied to the capture path when capturing using AudioSource.VOICE_COMMUNICATION

If device implementations provides an Acoustic Echo Canceler which is inserted in the capture audio path when AudioSource.VOICE_COMMUNICATION is selected, they:

5.4.5. Concurrent Capture

If device implementations declare android.hardware.microphone ,they MUST implement concurrent capture as described in this document . Nello specifico:

  • [C-1-1] MUST allow concurrent access to microphone by an accessibility service capturing with AudioSource.VOICE_RECOGNITION and at least one application capturing with any AudioSource .
  • [C-1-2] MUST allow concurrent access to microphone by a pre-installed application that holds an Assistant role and at least one application capturing with any AudioSource except for AudioSource.VOICE_COMMUNICATION or AudioSource.CAMCORDER .
  • [C-1-3] MUST silence the audio capture for any other application, except for an accessibility service, while an application is capturing with AudioSource.VOICE_COMMUNICATION or AudioSource.CAMCORDER . However, when an app is capturing via AudioSource.VOICE_COMMUNICATION then another app can capture the voice call if it is a privileged (pre-installed) app with permission CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT .
  • [C-1-4] If two or more applications are capturing concurrently and if neither app has an UI on top, the one that started capture the most recently receives audio.

5.4.6. Microphone Gain Levels

If device implementations declare android.hardware.microphone , they:

  • SHOULD exhibit approximately flat amplitude-versus-frequency characteristics in the mid-frequency range: specifically ±3dB from 100 Hz to 4000 Hz for each and every microphone used to record the voice recognition audio source.
  • SHOULD set audio input sensitivity such that a 1000 Hz sinusoidal tone source played at 90 dB Sound Pressure Level (SPL) yields a response with RMS of 2500 for 16 bit-samples (or -22.35 dB Full Scale for floating point/double precision samples) for each and every microphone used to record the voice recognition audio source.
  • [C-SR] are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to exhibit amplitude levels in the low frequency range: specifically from ±20 dB from 5 Hz to 100 Hz compared to the mid-frequency range for each and every microphone used to record the voice recognition audio source.
  • [C-SR] are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to exhibit amplitude levels in the high frequency range: specifically from ±30 dB from 4000 Hz to 22 KHz compared to the mid-frequency range for each and every microphone used to record the voice recognition audio source.

5.5. Riproduzione audio

Android includes the support to allow apps to playback audio through the audio output peripheral as defined in section 7.8.2.

5.5.1. Riproduzione audio grezza

If device implementations declare android.hardware.audio.output , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST allow playback of raw audio content with the following characteristics:

    • Source formats : Linear PCM, 16-bit, 8-bit, float
    • Channels : Mono, Stereo, valid multichannel configurations with up to 8 channels
    • Sampling rates (in Hz) :
      • 8000, 11025, 16000, 22050, 32000, 44100, 48000 at the channel configurations listed above
      • 96000 in mono and stereo
  • SHOULD allow playback of raw audio content with the following characteristics:

    • Sampling rates : 24000

5.5.2. Effetti audio

Android provides an API for audio effects for device implementations.

If device implementations declare the feature android.hardware.audio.output , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support the EFFECT_TYPE_EQUALIZER and EFFECT_TYPE_LOUDNESS_ENHANCER implementations controllable through the AudioEffect subclasses Equalizer and LoudnessEnhancer .
  • [C-1-2] MUST support the visualizer API implementation, controllable through the Visualizer class.
  • [C-1-3] MUST support the EFFECT_TYPE_DYNAMICS_PROCESSING implementation controllable through the AudioEffect subclass DynamicsProcessing .
  • SHOULD support the EFFECT_TYPE_BASS_BOOST , EFFECT_TYPE_ENV_REVERB , EFFECT_TYPE_PRESET_REVERB , and EFFECT_TYPE_VIRTUALIZER implementations controllable through the AudioEffect sub-classes BassBoost , EnvironmentalReverb , PresetReverb , and Virtualizer .
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support effects in floating-point and multichannel.

5.5.3. Volume dell'uscita audio

Implementazioni di dispositivi automobilistici:

  • SHOULD allow adjusting audio volume separately per each audio stream using the content type or usage as defined by AudioAttributes and car audio usage as publicly defined in android.car.CarAudioManager .

5.6. Latenza audio

La latenza audio è il ritardo quando un segnale audio passa attraverso un sistema. Molte classi di applicazioni si basano su brevi latenze, per ottenere effetti sonori in tempo reale.

Ai fini di questa sezione, utilizzare le seguenti definizioni:

  • latenza di output . The interval between when an application writes a frame of PCM-coded data and when the corresponding sound is presented to environment at an on-device transducer or signal leaves the device via a port and can be observed externally.
  • latenza di output a freddo . La latenza di output per il primo frame, quando il sistema di output audio è stato inattivo e accennato prima della richiesta.
  • latenza di uscita continua . La latenza di output per i frame successivi, dopo che il dispositivo è stato riprodotto.
  • latenza di input . The interval between when a sound is presented by environment to device at an on-device transducer or signal enters the device via a port and when an application reads the corresponding frame of PCM-coded data.
  • lost input . The initial portion of an input signal that is unusable or unavailable.
  • latenza di input a freddo . La somma del tempo di input perduto e la latenza di input per il primo frame, quando il sistema di input audio è stato inattivo e accennato prima della richiesta.
  • latenza di input continua . La latenza di input per i frame successivi, mentre il dispositivo sta catturando l'audio.
  • jitter di uscita fredda . The variability among separate measurements of cold output latency values.
  • jitter input freddo . The variability among separate measurements of cold input latency values.
  • latenza continua di andata e ritorno . La somma della latenza di input continua più latenza di uscita continua più un periodo di buffer. The buffer period allows time for the app to process the signal and time for the app to mitigate phase difference between input and output streams.
  • API della coda buffer PCM OpenSL ES . The set of PCM-related OpenSL ES APIs within Android NDK .
  • AAudio native audio API . The set of AAudio APIs within Android NDK .
  • timestamp . A pair consisting of a relative frame position within a stream and the estimated time when that frame enters or leaves the audio processing pipeline on the associated endpoint. See also AudioTimestamp .
  • glitch . A temporary interruption or incorrect sample value in the audio signal, typically caused by a buffer underrun for output, buffer overrun for input, or any other source of digital or analog noise.

If device implementations declare android.hardware.audio.output , they MUST meet or exceed the following requirements:

  • [C-1-1] The output timestamp returned by AudioTrack.getTimestamp and AAudioStream_getTimestamp is accurate to +/- 2 ms.
  • [C-1-2] Cold output latency of 500 milliseconds or less.

If device implementations declare android.hardware.audio.output they are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to meet or exceed the following requirements:

  • [C-SR] Cold output latency of 100 milliseconds or less. Existing and new devices that run this version of Android are VERY STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to meet these requirements now. In a future platform release in 2021, we will require Cold output latency of 200 ms or less as a MUST.
  • [C-SR] Continuous output latency of 45 milliseconds or less.
  • [C-SR] Minimize the cold output jitter.
  • [C-SR] The output timestamp returned by AudioTrack.getTimestamp and AAudioStream_getTimestamp is accurate to +/- 1 ms.

If device implementations meet the above requirements, after any initial calibration, when using both the OpenSL ES PCM buffer queue and AAudio native audio APIs, for continuous output latency and cold output latency over at least one supported audio output device, they are:

If device implementations do not meet the requirements for low-latency audio via both the OpenSL ES PCM buffer queue and AAudio native audio APIs, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST NOT report support for low-latency audio.

If device implementations include android.hardware.microphone , they MUST meet these input audio requirements:

  • [C-3-1] Limit the error in input timestamps, as returned by AudioRecord.getTimestamp or AAudioStream_getTimestamp , to +/- 2 ms. "Error" here means the deviation from the correct value.
  • [C-3-2] Cold input latency of 500 milliseconds or less.

If device implementations include android.hardware.microphone , they are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to meet these input audio requirements:

  • [C-SR] Cold input latency of 100 milliseconds or less. Existing and new devices that run this version of Android are VERY STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to meet these requirements now. In a future platform release in 2021 we will require Cold input latency of 200 ms or less as a MUST.
  • [C-SR] Continuous input latency of 30 milliseconds or less.
  • [C-SR] Continuous round-trip latency of 50 milliseconds or less.
  • [C-SR] Minimize the cold input jitter.
  • [C-SR] Limit the error in input timestamps, as returned by AudioRecord.getTimestamp or AAudioStream_getTimestamp , to +/- 1 ms.

5.7. Protocolli di rete

Device implementations MUST support the media network protocols for audio and video playback as specified in the Android SDK documentation.

If device implementations include an audio or a video decoder, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support all required codecs and container formats in section 5.1 over HTTP(S).

  • [C-1-2] MUST support the media segment formats shown in the Media Segment Formats table below over HTTP Live Streaming draft protocol, Version 7 .

  • [C-1-3] MUST support the following RTP audio video profile and related codecs in the RTSP table below. For exceptions please see the table footnotes in section 5.1 .

Media Segment Formats

Segment formats Riferimenti) Required codec support
MPEG-2 Transport Stream ISO 13818 Video codecs:
  • H264 AVC
  • MPEG-4SP
  • MPEG-2
See section 5.1.3 for details on H264 AVC, MPEG2-4 SP,
and MPEG-2.

Audio codecs:

  • AAC
See section 5.1.1 for details on AAC and its variants.
AAC with ADTS framing and ID3 tags ISO 13818-7 See section 5.1.1 for details on AAC and its variants
WebVTT WebVTT

RTSP (RTP, SDP)

Nome del profilo Riferimenti) Required codec support
H264 AVC RFC 6184 See section 5.1.3 for details on H264 AVC
MP4A-LATM RFC 6416 See section 5.1.1 for details on AAC and its variants
H263-1998 RFC 3551
RFC 4629
RFC 2190
See section 5.1.3 for details on H263
H263-2000 RFC 4629 See section 5.1.3 for details on H263
AMR RFC 4867 See section 5.1.1 for details on AMR-NB
AMR-WB RFC 4867 See section 5.1.1 for details on AMR-WB
MP4V-ES RFC 6416 See section 5.1.3 for details on MPEG-4 SP
mpeg4-generic RFC 3640 See section 5.1.1 for details on AAC and its variants
MP2T RFC 2250 See MPEG-2 Transport Stream underneath HTTP Live Streaming for details

5.8. Supporti sicuri

If device implementations support secure video output and are capable of supporting secure surfaces, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST declare support for Display.FLAG_SECURE .

If device implementations declare support for Display.FLAG_SECURE and support wireless display protocol, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST secure the link with a cryptographically strong mechanism such as HDCP 2.x or higher for the displays connected through wireless protocols such as Miracast.

If device implementations declare support for Display.FLAG_SECURE and support wired external display, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST support HDCP 1.2 or higher for all external displays connected via a user-accessible wired port.

5.9. Interfaccia digitale per strumenti musicali (MIDI)

If device implementations report support for feature android.software.midi via the android.content.pm.PackageManager class, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support MIDI over all MIDI-capable hardware transports for which they provide generic non-MIDI connectivity, where such transports are:

  • [C-1-2] MUST support the inter-app MIDI software transport (virtual MIDI devices)

  • [C-1-3] MUST include libamidi.so (native MIDI support)

5.10. Audio professionale

If device implementations report support for feature android.hardware.audio.pro via the android.content.pm.PackageManager class, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST report support for feature android.hardware.audio.low_latency .
  • [C-1-2] MUST have a continuous round-trip audio latency, as defined in section 5.6 Audio Latency , of 20 milliseconds or less and SHOULD be 10 milliseconds or less over at least one supported path.
  • [C-1-3] MUST include a USB port(s) supporting USB host mode and USB peripheral mode.
  • [C-1-4] MUST report support for feature android.software.midi .
  • [C-1-5] MUST meet latencies and USB audio requirements using both the OpenSL ES PCM buffer queue API and at least one path of the AAudio native audio API.
  • [SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to meet latencies and USB audio requirements using the AAudio native audio API over the MMAP path .
  • [C-1-6] MUST have Cold output latency of 200 milliseconds or less.
  • [C-1-7] MUST have Cold input latency of 200 milliseconds or less.
  • [SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to provide a consistent level of CPU performance while audio is active and CPU load is varying. This SHOULD be tested using the Android app version of SynthMark commit id 09b13c6f49ea089f8c31e5d035f912cc405b7ab8 . SynthMark uses a software synthesizer running on a simulated audio framework that measures system performance. The SynthMark app needs to be run using the “Automated Test” option and achieve the following results:
    • voicemark.90 >= 32 voices
    • latencymark.fixed.little <= 15 msec
    • latencymark.dynamic.little <= 50 msec

See the SynthMark documentation for an explanation of the benchmarks.

  • SHOULD minimize audio clock inaccuracy and drift relative to standard time.
  • SHOULD minimize audio clock drift relative to the CPU CLOCK_MONOTONIC when both are active.
  • SHOULD minimize audio latency over on-device transducers.
  • SHOULD minimize audio latency over USB digital audio.
  • SHOULD document audio latency measurements over all paths.
  • SHOULD minimize jitter in audio buffer completion callback entry times, as this affects usable percentage of full CPU bandwidth by the callback.
  • SHOULD provide zero audio glitches under normal use at reported latency.
  • SHOULD provide zero inter-channel latency difference.
  • SHOULD minimize MIDI mean latency over all transports.
  • SHOULD minimize MIDI latency variability under load (jitter) over all transports.
  • SHOULD provide accurate MIDI timestamps over all transports.
  • SHOULD minimize audio signal noise over on-device transducers, including the period immediately after cold start.
  • SHOULD provide zero audio clock difference between the input and output sides of corresponding end-points, when both are active. Examples of corresponding end-points include the on-device microphone and speaker, or the audio jack input and output.
  • SHOULD handle audio buffer completion callbacks for the input and output sides of corresponding end-points on the same thread when both are active, and enter the output callback immediately after the return from the input callback. Or if it is not feasible to handle the callbacks on the same thread, then enter the output callback shortly after entering the input callback to permit the application to have a consistent timing of the input and output sides.
  • SHOULD minimize the phase difference between HAL audio buffering for the input and output sides of corresponding end-points.
  • SHOULD minimize touch latency.
  • SHOULD minimize touch latency variability under load (jitter).
  • SHOULD have a latency from touch input to audio output of less than or equal to 40 ms.

If device implementations meet all of the above requirements, they:

If device implementations include a 4 conductor 3.5mm audio jack, they:

If device implementations omit a 4 conductor 3.5mm audio jack and include a USB port(s) supporting USB host mode, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST implement the USB audio class.
  • [C-3-2] MUST have a continuous round-trip audio latency of 20 milliseconds or less over the USB host mode port using USB audio class.
  • The continuous round-trip audio latency SHOULD be 10 milliseconds or less over the USB host mode port using USB audio class.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support simultaneous I/O up to 8 channels each direction, 96 kHz sample rate, and 24-bit or 32-bit depth, when used with USB audio peripherals that also support these requirements.

If device implementations include an HDMI port, they:

  • SHOULD support output in stereo and eight channels at 20-bit or 24-bit depth and 192 kHz without bit-depth loss or resampling, in at least one configuration.

5.11. Capture for Unprocessed

Android includes support for recording of unprocessed audio via the android.media.MediaRecorder.AudioSource.UNPROCESSED audio source. In OpenSL ES, it can be accessed with the record preset SL_ANDROID_RECORDING_PRESET_UNPROCESSED .

If device implementations intent to support unprocessed audio source and make it available to third-party apps, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST report the support through the android.media.AudioManager property PROPERTY_SUPPORT_AUDIO_SOURCE_UNPROCESSED .

  • [C-1-2] MUST exhibit approximately flat amplitude-versus-frequency characteristics in the mid-frequency range: specifically ±10dB from 100 Hz to 7000 Hz for each and every microphone used to record the unprocessed audio source.

  • [C-1-3] MUST exhibit amplitude levels in the low frequency range: specifically from ±20 dB from 5 Hz to 100 Hz compared to the mid-frequency range for each and every microphone used to record the unprocessed audio source.

  • [C-1-4] MUST exhibit amplitude levels in the high frequency range: specifically from ±30 dB from 7000 Hz to 22 KHz compared to the mid-frequency range for each and every microphone used to record the unprocessed audio source.

  • [C-1-5] MUST set audio input sensitivity such that a 1000 Hz sinusoidal tone source played at 94 dB Sound Pressure Level (SPL) yields a response with RMS of 520 for 16 bit-samples (or -36 dB Full Scale for floating point/double precision samples) for each and every microphone used to record the unprocessed audio source.

  • [C-1-6] MUST have a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at 60 dB or higher for each and every microphone used to record the unprocessed audio source. (whereas the SNR is measured as the difference between 94 dB SPL and equivalent SPL of self noise, A-weighted).

  • [C-1-7] MUST have a total harmonic distortion (THD) less than be less than 1% for 1 kHZ at 90 dB SPL input level at each and every microphone used to record the unprocessed audio source.

  • MUST not have any other signal processing (eg Automatic Gain Control, High Pass Filter, or Echo cancellation) in the path other than a level multiplier to bring the level to desired range. In altre parole:

  • [C-1-8] If any signal processing is present in the architecture for any reason, it MUST be disabled and effectively introduce zero delay or extra latency to the signal path.
  • [C-1-9] The level multiplier, while allowed to be on the path, MUST NOT introduce delay or latency to the signal path.

All SPL measurements are made directly next to the microphone under test. For multiple microphone configurations, these requirements apply to each microphone.

If device implementations declare android.hardware.microphone but do not support unprocessed audio source, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST return null for the AudioManager.getProperty(PROPERTY_SUPPORT_AUDIO_SOURCE_UNPROCESSED) API method, to properly indicate the lack of support.
  • [SR] are still STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to satisfy as many of the requirements for the signal path for the unprocessed recording source.

6. Compatibilità degli strumenti e delle opzioni per sviluppatori

6.1. Strumenti di sviluppo

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST support the Android Developer Tools provided in the Android SDK.
  • Android Debug Bridge (adb)

    • [C-0-2] MUST support adb as documented in the Android SDK and the shell commands provided in the AOSP, which can be used by app developers, including dumpsys cmd stats
    • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support the shell command cmd testharness .
    • [C-0-3] MUST NOT alter the format or the contents of device system events (batterystats , diskstats, fingerprint, graphicsstats, netstats, notification, procstats) logged via the dumpsys command.
    • [C-0-10] MUST record, without omission, and make the following events accessible and available to the cmd stats shell command and the StatsManager System API class.
      • ActivityForegroundStateChanged
      • AnomalyDetected
      • AppBreadcrumbReported
      • AppCrashOccurred
      • AppStartOccurred
      • BatteryLevelChanged
      • BatterySaverModeStateChanged
      • BleScanResultReceived
      • BleScanStateChanged
      • ChargingStateChanged
      • DeviceIdleModeStateChanged
      • ForegroundServiceStateChanged
      • GpsScanStateChanged
      • JobStateChanged
      • PluggedStateChanged
      • ScheduledJobStateChanged
      • ScreenStateChanged
      • SyncStateChanged
      • SystemElapsedRealtime
      • UidProcessStateChanged
      • WakelockStateChanged
      • WakeupAlarmOccurred
      • WifiLockStateChanged
      • WifiMulticastLockStateChanged
      • WifiScanStateChanged
    • [C-0-4] MUST have the device-side adb daemon be inactive by default and there MUST be a user-accessible mechanism to turn on the Android Debug Bridge.
    • [C-0-5] MUST support secure adb. Android include il supporto per ADB sicuro. Secure ADB abilita ADB su host autenticati noti.
    • [C-0-6] MUST provide a mechanism allowing adb to be connected from a host machine. Per esempio:

      • Device implementations without a USB port supporting peripheral mode MUST implement adb via local-area network (such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi).
      • MUST provide drivers for Windows 7, 9 and 10, allowing developers to connect to the device using the adb protocol.
  • Dalvik Debug Monitor Service (ddms)

    • [C-0-7] MUST support all ddms features as documented in the Android SDK. Poiché DDMS utilizza ADB, il supporto per DDMS dovrebbe essere inattivo per impostazione predefinita, ma deve essere supportato ogni volta che l'utente ha attivato il ponte di debug Android, come sopra.
  • Scimmia
    • [C-0-8] MUST include the Monkey framework and make it available for applications to use.
  • SysTrace
    • [C-0-9] MUST support the systrace tool as documented in the Android SDK. Systrace MUST be inactive by default and there MUST be a user-accessible mechanism to turn on Systrace.
  • Perfetto

    • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to expose a /system/bin/perfetto binary to the shell user which cmdline complies with the perfetto documentation .
    • [C-SR] The perfetto binary is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to accept as input a protobuf config that complies with the schema defined in the perfetto documentation .
    • [C-SR] The perfetto binary is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to write as output a protobuf trace that complies with the schema defined in the perfetto documentation .
    • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to provide, through the perfetto binary, at least the data sources described in the perfetto documentation .
  • Test Harness Mode

    If device implementations support the shell command cmd testharness and run cmd testharness enable , they:

    • [C-2-1] MUST return true for ActivityManager.isRunningInUserTestHarness()
    • [C-2-2] MUST implement Test Harness Mode as described in harness mode documentation .

If device implementations report the support of Vulkan 1.0 or higher via the android.hardware.vulkan.version feature flags, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST provide an affordance for the app developer to enable/disable GPU debug layers.
  • [C-1-2] MUST, when the GPU debug layers are enabled, enumerate layers in libraries provided by external tools (ie not part of the platform or application package) found in debuggable applications' base directory to support vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties() and vkCreateInstance() API methods.

6.2. Opzioni sviluppatore

Android include il supporto per gli sviluppatori per configurare le impostazioni relative allo sviluppo dell'applicazione.

Device implementations MUST provide a consistent experience for Developer Options, they:

  • [C-0-1] MUST honor the android.settings.APPLICATION_DEVELOPMENT_SETTINGS intent to show application development-related settings. L'implementazione Android a monte nasconde il menu Opzioni sviluppatore per impostazione predefinita e consente agli utenti di avviare le opzioni per gli sviluppatori dopo aver premuto sette (7) volte sulle impostazioni > Informazioni sul numero di menu di creazione del dispositivo > Build .
  • [C-0-2] MUST hide Developer Options by default.
  • [C-0-3] MUST provide a clear mechanism that does not give preferential treatment to one third-party app as opposed to another to enable Developer Options. MUST provide a public visible document or website that describes how to enable Developer Options. This document or website MUST be linkable from the Android SDK documents.
  • SHOULD have an ongoing visual notification to the user when Developer Options is enabled and the safety of the user is of concern.
  • MAY temporarily limit access to the Developer Options menu, by visually hiding or disabling the menu, to prevent distraction for scenarios where the safety of the user is of concern.

7. Compatibilità hardware

If a device includes a particular hardware component that has a corresponding API for third-party developers:

  • [C-0-1] The device implementation MUST implement that API as described in the Android SDK documentation.

Se un'API nell'SDK interagisce con un componente hardware che è indicato come opzionale e l'implementazione del dispositivo non possiede tale componente:

  • [C-0-2] Complete class definitions (as documented by the SDK) for the component APIs MUST still be presented.
  • [C-0-3] The API's behaviors MUST be implemented as no-ops in some reasonable fashion.
  • [C-0-4] API methods MUST return null values where permitted by the SDK documentation.
  • [C-0-5] API methods MUST return no-op implementations of classes where null values are not permitted by the SDK documentation.
  • [C-0-6] API methods MUST NOT throw exceptions not documented by the SDK documentation.
  • [C-0-7] Device implementations MUST consistently report accurate hardware configuration information via the getSystemAvailableFeatures() and hasSystemFeature(String) methods on the android.content.pm.PackageManager class for the same build fingerprint.

A typical example of a scenario where these requirements apply is the telephony API: Even on non-phone devices, these APIs MUST be implemented as reasonable no-ops.

7.1. Visualizzazione e grafica

Android includes facilities that automatically adjust application assets and UI layouts appropriately for the device to ensure that third-party applications run well on a variety of hardware configurations . On the Android-compatible display(s) where all third-party Android-compatible applications can run, device implementations MUST properly implement these APIs and behaviors, as detailed in this section.

Le unità a cui si fa riferimento i requisiti in questa sezione sono definite come segue:

  • dimensione diagonale fisica . La distanza in pollici tra due angoli opposti della porzione illuminata del display.
  • punti per pollice (dpi) . Il numero di pixel racchiusi da un intervallo orizzontale o verticale lineare di 1 ”. Where dpi values are listed, both horizontal and vertical dpi MUST fall within the range.
  • proporzioni . Il rapporto dei pixel della dimensione più lunga e della dimensione più corta dello schermo. Ad esempio, un display di 480x854 pixel sarebbe 854/480 = 1.779 o all'incirca "16: 9".
  • density-independent pixel (dp) . The virtual pixel unit normalized to a 160 dpi screen, calculated as: pixels = dps * (density/160).

7.1.1. Configurazione dello schermo

7.1.1.1. Screen Size and Shape

The Android UI framework supports a variety of different logical screen layout sizes, and allows applications to query the current configuration's screen layout size via Configuration.screenLayout with the SCREENLAYOUT_SIZE_MASK and Configuration.smallestScreenWidthDp .

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST report the correct layout size for the Configuration.screenLayout as defined in the Android SDK documentation. Specifically, device implementations MUST report the correct logical density-independent pixel (dp) screen dimensions as below:

    • Devices with the Configuration.uiMode set as any value other than UI_MODE_TYPE_WATCH, and reporting a small size for the Configuration.screenLayout , MUST have at least 426 dp x 320 dp.
    • Devices reporting a normal size for the Configuration.screenLayout , MUST have at least 480 dp x 320 dp.
    • Devices reporting a large size for the Configuration.screenLayout , MUST have at least 640 dp x 480 dp.
    • Devices reporting a xlarge size for the Configuration.screenLayout , MUST have at least 960 dp x 720 dp.
  • [C-0-2] MUST correctly honor applications' stated support for screen sizes through the < supports-screens > attribute in the AndroidManifest.xml, as described in the Android SDK documentation.

  • MAY have the Android-compatible display(s) with rounded corners.

If device implementations support UI_MODE_TYPE_NORMAL and include the Android-compatible display(s) with rounded corners, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST ensure that the radius of the rounded corners is less than or equal to 38 dp.
  • SHOULD include user affordance to switch to the display mode with the rectangular corners.
7.1.1.2. Proporzioni dello schermo

While there is no restriction to the aspect ratio of the physical display for the Android-compatible display(s), the aspect ratio of the logical display where third-party apps are rendered, which can be derived from the height and width values reported through the view.Display APIs and Configuration APIs, MUST meet the following requirements:

  • [C-0-1] Device implementations with Configuration.uiMode set to UI_MODE_TYPE_NORMAL MUST have an aspect ratio value less than or equal to 1.86 (roughly 16:9), unless the app meets one of the following conditions:

  • [C-0-2] Device implementations with Configuration.uiMode set to UI_MODE_TYPE_NORMAL MUST have an aspect ratio value equal to or greater than 1.3333 (4:3), unless the app can be stretched wider by meeting one of the following conditions:

  • [C-0-3] Device implementations with the Configuration.uiMode set as UI_MODE_TYPE_WATCH MUST have an aspect ratio value set as 1.0 (1:1).

7.1.1.3. Densità dello schermo

Il framework dell'interfaccia utente Android definisce una serie di densità logiche standard per aiutare gli sviluppatori di applicazioni a indirizzare le risorse dell'applicazione.

  • [C-0-1] By default, device implementations MUST report only one of the Android framework densities that are listed on DisplayMetrics through the DENSITY_DEVICE_STABLE API and this value MUST NOT change at any time; however, the device MAY report a different arbitrary density according to the display configuration changes made by the user (for example, display size) set after initial boot.

  • Le implementazioni del dispositivo dovrebbero definire la densità del framework Android standard che è numericamente più vicina alla densità fisica dello schermo, a meno che tale densità logica non spinga la dimensione dello schermo riportata al di sotto del minimo supportato. Se la densità del framework Android standard che è numericamente più vicina alla densità fisica si traduce in una dimensione dello schermo inferiore alla più piccola dimensione dello schermo compatibile supportata (larghezza 320 dp), le implementazioni del dispositivo dovrebbero segnalare la successiva densità di framework Android standard più bassa.

If there is an affordance to change the display size of the device:

  • [C-1-1] The display size MUST NOT be scaled any larger than 1.5 times the native density or produce an effective minimum screen dimension smaller than 320dp (equivalent to resource qualifier sw320dp), whichever comes first.
  • [C-1-2] Display size MUST NOT be scaled any smaller than 0.85 times the native density.
  • To ensure good usability and consistent font sizes, it is RECOMMENDED that the following scaling of Native Display options be provided (while complying with the limits specified above)
  • Small: 0.85x
  • Default: 1x (Native display scale)
  • Large: 1.15x
  • Larger: 1.3x
  • Largest 1.45x

7.1.2. Visualizza metriche

If device implementations include the Android-compatible display(s) or video output to the Android-compatible display screen(s), they:

If device implementations does not include an embedded screen or video output, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST report correct values of the Android-compatible display as defined in the android.util.DisplayMetrics API for the emulated default view.Display .

7.1.3. Orientamento schermo

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST report which screen orientations they support ( android.hardware.screen.portrait and/or android.hardware.screen.landscape ) and MUST report at least one supported orientation. For example, a device with a fixed orientation landscape screen, such as a television or laptop, SHOULD only report android.hardware.screen.landscape .
  • [C-0-2] MUST report the correct value for the device's current orientation, whenever queried via the android.content.res.Configuration.orientation , android.view.Display.getOrientation() , or other APIs.

If device implementations support both screen orientations, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support dynamic orientation by applications to either portrait or landscape screen orientation. That is, the device MUST respect the application's request for a specific screen orientation.
  • [C-1-2] MUST NOT change the reported screen size or density when changing orientation.
  • MAY select either portrait or landscape orientation as the default.

7.1.4. Accelerazione grafica 2D e 3D

7.1.4.1 OpenGL ES

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST correctly identify the supported OpenGL ES versions (1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2) through the managed APIs (such as via the GLES10.getString() method) and the native APIs.
  • [C-0-2] MUST include the support for all the corresponding managed APIs and native APIs for every OpenGL ES versions they identified to support.

If device implementations include a screen or video output, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support both OpenGL ES 1.1 and 2.0, as embodied and detailed in the Android SDK documentation .
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support OpenGL ES 3.1.
  • SHOULD support OpenGL ES 3.2.

If device implementations support any of the OpenGL ES versions, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST report via the OpenGL ES managed APIs and native APIs any other OpenGL ES extensions they have implemented, and conversely MUST NOT report extension strings that they do not support.
  • [C-2-2] MUST support the EGL_KHR_image , EGL_KHR_image_base , EGL_ANDROID_image_native_buffer , EGL_ANDROID_get_native_client_buffer , EGL_KHR_wait_sync , EGL_KHR_get_all_proc_addresses , EGL_ANDROID_presentation_time , EGL_KHR_swap_buffers_with_damage , EGL_ANDROID_recordable , and EGL_ANDROID_GLES_layers extensions.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support the EGL_KHR_partial_update and OES_EGL_image_external extensions.
  • SHOULD accurately report via the getString() method, any texture compression format that they support, which is typically vendor-specific.

If device implementations declare support for OpenGL ES 3.0, 3.1, or 3.2, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST export the corresponding function symbols for these version in addition to the OpenGL ES 2.0 function symbols in the libGLESv2.so library.
  • [SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support the OES_EGL_image_external_essl3 extension.

If device implementations support OpenGL ES 3.2, they:

  • [C-4-1] MUST support the OpenGL ES Android Extension Pack in its entirety.

If device implementations support the OpenGL ES Android Extension Pack in its entirety, they:

  • [C-5-1] MUST identify the support through the android.hardware.opengles.aep feature flag.

If device implementations expose support for the EGL_KHR_mutable_render_buffer extension, they:

  • [C-6-1] MUST also support the EGL_ANDROID_front_buffer_auto_refresh extension.
7.1.4.2 Vulkan

Android includes support for Vulkan , a low-overhead, cross-platform API for high-performance 3D graphics.

If device implementations support OpenGL ES 3.1, they:

  • [SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to include support for Vulkan 1.1.

If device implementations include a screen or video output, they:

  • SHOULD include support for Vulkan 1.1.

If device implementations include support for Vulkan 1.0, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST report the correct integer value with the android.hardware.vulkan.level and android.hardware.vulkan.version feature flags.
  • [C-1-2] MUST enumerate, at least one VkPhysicalDevice for the Vulkan native API vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices() .
  • [C-1-3] MUST fully implement the Vulkan 1.0 APIs for each enumerated VkPhysicalDevice .
  • [C-1-4] MUST enumerate layers, contained in native libraries named as libVkLayer*.so in the application package's native library directory, through the Vulkan native APIs vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties() and vkEnumerateDeviceLayerProperties() .
  • [C-1-5] MUST NOT enumerate layers provided by libraries outside of the application package, or provide other ways of tracing or intercepting the Vulkan API, unless the application has the android:debuggable attribute set as true .
  • [C-1-6] MUST report all extension strings that they do support via the Vulkan native APIs , and conversely MUST NOT report extension strings that they do not correctly support.
  • [C-1-7] MUST support the VK_KHR_surface, VK_KHR_android_surface, VK_KHR_swapchain, and VK_KHR_incremental_present extensions.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support the VK_KHR_driver_properties and VK_GOOGLE_display_timing extensions.

If device implementations do not include support for Vulkan 1.0, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST NOT declare any of the Vulkan feature flags (eg android.hardware.vulkan.level , android.hardware.vulkan.version ).
  • [C-2-2] MUST NOT enumerate any VkPhysicalDevice for the Vulkan native API vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices() .

If device implementations include support for Vulkan 1.1 and declare any of the Vulkan feature flags, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST expose support for the SYNC_FD external semaphore and handle types and the VK_ANDROID_external_memory_android_hardware_buffer extension.
7.1.4.3 RenderScript
  • [C-0-1] Device implementations MUST support Android RenderScript , as detailed in the Android SDK documentation.
7.1.4.4 2D Graphics Acceleration

Android includes a mechanism for applications to declare that they want to enable hardware acceleration for 2D graphics at the Application, Activity, Window, or View level through the use of a manifest tag android:hardwareAccelerated or direct API calls.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST enable hardware acceleration by default, and MUST disable hardware acceleration if the developer so requests by setting android:hardwareAccelerated="false” or disabling hardware acceleration directly through the Android View APIs.
  • [C-0-2] MUST exhibit behavior consistent with the Android SDK documentation on hardware acceleration .

Android include un oggetto TextureView che consente agli sviluppatori di integrare direttamente le trame aperte con accelerazione hardware come obiettivi di rendering in una gerarchia dell'interfaccia utente.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-3] MUST support the TextureView API, and MUST exhibit consistent behavior with the upstream Android implementation.
7.1.4.5 Wide-gamut Displays

If device implementations claim support for wide-gamut displays through Configuration.isScreenWideColorGamut() , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST have a color-calibrated display.
  • [C-1-2] MUST have a display whose gamut covers the sRGB color gamut entirely in CIE 1931 xyY space.
  • [C-1-3] MUST have a display whose gamut has an area of at least 90% of DCI-P3 in CIE 1931 xyY space.
  • [C-1-4] MUST support OpenGL ES 3.1 or 3.2 and report it properly.
  • [C-1-5] MUST advertise support for the EGL_KHR_no_config_context , EGL_EXT_pixel_format_float , EGL_KHR_gl_colorspace , EGL_EXT_gl_colorspace_scrgb , EGL_EXT_gl_colorspace_scrgb_linear , EGL_EXT_gl_colorspace_display_p3 , EGL_EXT_gl_colorspace_display_p3_linear , and EGL_EXT_gl_colorspace_display_p3_passthrough extensions.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support GL_EXT_sRGB .

Conversely, if device implementations do not support wide-gamut displays, they:

  • [C-2-1] SHOULD cover 100% or more of sRGB in CIE 1931 xyY space, although the screen color gamut is undefined.

7.1.5. Modalità di compatibilità delle applicazioni legacy

Android specifica una "modalità di compatibilità" in cui il framework opera in una modalità equivalente alla schermata "normale" (larghezza 320dp) a beneficio delle applicazioni legacy non sviluppate per le vecchie versioni di Android che hanno preceduto l'indipendenza della dimensione dello schermo.

7.1.6. Tecnologia dello schermo

The Android platform includes APIs that allow applications to render rich graphics to an Android-compatible display. I dispositivi devono supportare tutte queste API come definite dall'SDK Android se non specificamente consentito in questo documento.

All of a device implementation's Android-compatible displays:

  • [C-0-1] MUST be capable of rendering 16-bit color graphics.
  • SHOULD support displays capable of 24-bit color graphics.
  • [C-0-2] MUST be capable of rendering animations.
  • [C-0-3] MUST have a pixel aspect ratio (PAR) between 0.9 and 1.15. Cioè, il rapporto pixel deve essere vicino a quadrati (1,0) con una tolleranza del 10 ~ 15%.

7.1.7. Display secondari

Android includes support for secondary Android-compatible displays to enable media sharing capabilities and developer APIs for accessing external displays.

If device implementations support an external display either via a wired, wireless, or an embedded additional display connection, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement the DisplayManager system service and API as described in the Android SDK documentation.

7.2. Dispositivi di input

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

7.2.1. Tastiera

If device implementations include support for third-party Input Method Editor (IME) applications, they:

Device implementations: * [C-0-1] MUST NOT include a hardware keyboard that does not match one of the formats specified in android.content.res.Configuration.keyboard (QWERTY or 12-key). * SHOULD include additional soft keyboard implementations. * MAY include a hardware keyboard.

7.2.2. Navigazione senza tocco

Android includes support for d-pad, trackball, and wheel as mechanisms for non-touch navigation.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

If device implementations lack non-touch navigations, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST provide a reasonable alternative user interface mechanism for the selection and editing of text, compatible with Input Management Engines. L'implementazione open source Android a monte include un meccanismo di selezione adatto per l'uso con dispositivi privi di input di navigazione non touch.

7.2.3. Tasti di navigazione

The Home , Recents , and Back functions typically provided via an interaction with a dedicated physical button or a distinct portion of the touch screen, are essential to the Android navigation paradigm and therefore, device implementations:

  • [C-0-1] MUST provide a user affordance to launch installed applications that have an activity with the <intent-filter> set with ACTION=MAIN and CATEGORY=LAUNCHER or CATEGORY=LEANBACK_LAUNCHER for Television device implementations. The Home function SHOULD be the mechanism for this user affordance.
  • SHOULD provide buttons for the Recents and Back function.

If the Home, Recents, or Back functions are provided, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST be accessible with a single action (eg tap, double-click or gesture) when any of them are accessible.
  • [C-1-2] MUST provide a clear indication of which single action would trigger each function. Having a visible icon imprinted on the button, showing a software icon on the navigation bar portion of the screen, or walking the user through a guided step-by-step demo flow during the out-of-box setup experience are examples of such an indicazione.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [SR] are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to not provide the input mechanism for the Menu function as it is deprecated in favor of action bar since Android 4.0.

If device implementations provide the Menu function, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST display the action overflow button whenever the action overflow menu popup is not empty and the action bar is visible.
  • [C-2-2] MUST NOT modify the position of the action overflow popup displayed by selecting the overflow button in the action bar, but MAY render the action overflow popup at a modified position on the screen when it is displayed by selecting the Menu funzione.

If device implementations do not provide the Menu function, for backwards compatibility, they: * [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED make the Menu function available to applications when targetSdkVersion is less than 10, either by a physical button, a software key, or gesti. This Menu function SHOULD be accessible unless hidden together with other navigation functions.

If device implementations provide the Assist function , they:

  • [C-4-1] MUST make the Assist function accessible with a single action (eg tap, double-click or gesture) when other navigation keys are accessible.
  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to use long press on HOME function as this designated interaction.

If device implementations use a distinct portion of the screen to display the navigation keys, they:

  • [C-5-1] Navigation keys MUST use a distinct portion of the screen, not available to applications, and MUST NOT obscure or otherwise interfere with the portion of the screen available to applications.
  • [C-5-2] MUST make available a portion of the display to applications that meets the requirements defined in section 7.1.1 .
  • [C-5-3] MUST honor the flags set by the app through the View.setSystemUiVisibility() API method, so that this distinct portion of the screen (aka the navigation bar) is properly hidden away as documented in the SDK.

If the navigation function is provided as an on-screen, gesture-based action:

If a navigation function is provided from anywhere on the left and right edges of the current orientation of the screen:

  • [C-7-1] The navigation function MUST be Back and provided as a swipe from both left and right edges of the current orientation of the screen.
  • [C-7-2] If custom swipeable system panels are provided on the left or right edges, they MUST be placed within the top 1/3rd of the screen with a clear, persistent visual indication that dragging in would invoke the aforementioned panels, and hence not Back. A system panel MAY be configured by a user such that it lands below the top 1/3rd of the screen edge(s) but the system panel MUST NOT use longer than 1/3rd of the edge(s).
  • [C-7-3] When the foreground app has either the View.SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_IMMERSIVE or View.SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_IMMERSIVE_STICKY flags set, swiping from the edges MUST behave as implemented in AOSP, which is documented in the SDK .
  • [C-7-4] When the foreground app has either the View.SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_IMMERSIVE or View.SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_IMMERSIVE_STICKY flags set, custom swipeable system panels MUST be hidden until the user brings in the system bars (aka navigation and status bar) as implemented in AOSP .

7.2.4. Ingresso dal touchscreen

Android includes support for a variety of pointer input systems, such as touchscreens, touch pads, and fake touch input devices. Touchscreen-based device implementations are associated with a display such that the user has the impression of directly manipulating items on screen. Since the user is directly touching the screen, the system does not require any additional affordances to indicate the objects being manipulated.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • SHOULD have a pointer input system of some kind (either mouse-like or touch).
  • SHOULD support fully independently tracked pointers.

If device implementations include a touchscreen (single-touch or better), they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST report TOUCHSCREEN_FINGER for the Configuration.touchscreen API field.
  • [C-1-2] MUST report the android.hardware.touchscreen and android.hardware.faketouch feature flags.

If device implementations include a touchscreen that can track more than a single touch, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST report the appropriate feature flags android.hardware.touchscreen.multitouch , android.hardware.touchscreen.multitouch.distinct , android.hardware.touchscreen.multitouch.jazzhand corresponding to the type of the specific touchscreen on the dispositivo.

If device implementations do not include a touchscreen (and rely on a pointer device only) and meet the fake touch requirements in section 7.2.5 , they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST NOT report any feature flag starting with android.hardware.touchscreen and MUST report only android.hardware.faketouch .

7.2.5. Ingresso tocco falso

Fake touch interface provides a user input system that approximates a subset of touchscreen capabilities. For example, a mouse or remote control that drives an on-screen cursor approximates touch, but requires the user to first point or focus then click. Numerous input devices like the mouse, trackpad, gyro-based air mouse, gyro-pointer, joystick, and multi-touch trackpad can support fake touch interactions. Android includes the feature constant android.hardware.faketouch, which corresponds to a high-fidelity non-touch (pointer-based) input device such as a mouse or trackpad that can adequately emulate touch-based input (including basic gesture support), and indicates that the device supports an emulated subset of touchscreen functionality.

If device implementations do not include a touchscreen but include another pointer input system which they want to make available, they:

  • SHOULD declare support for the android.hardware.faketouch feature flag.

If device implementations declare support for android.hardware.faketouch , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST report the absolute X and Y screen positions of the pointer location and display a visual pointer on the screen.
  • [C-1-2] MUST report touch event with the action code that specifies the state change that occurs on the pointer going down or up on the screen .
  • [C-1-3] MUST support pointer down and up on an object on the screen, which allows users to emulate tap on an object on the screen.
  • [C-1-4] MUST support pointer down, pointer up, pointer down then pointer up in the same place on an object on the screen within a time threshold, which allows users to emulate double tap on an object on the screen.
  • [C-1-5] MUST support pointer down on an arbitrary point on the screen, pointer move to any other arbitrary point on the screen, followed by a pointer up, which allows users to emulate a touch drag.
  • [C-1-6] MUST support pointer down then allow users to quickly move the object to a different position on the screen and then pointer up on the screen, which allows users to fling an object on the screen.
  • [C-1-7] MUST report TOUCHSCREEN_NOTOUCH for the Configuration.touchscreen API field.

If device implementations declare support for android.hardware.faketouch.multitouch.distinct , they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST declare support for android.hardware.faketouch .
  • [C-2-2] MUST support distinct tracking of two or more independent pointer inputs.

If device implementations declare support for android.hardware.faketouch.multitouch.jazzhand , they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST declare support for android.hardware.faketouch .
  • [C-3-2] MUST support distinct tracking of 5 (tracking a hand of fingers) or more pointer inputs fully independently.

7.2.6. Supporto per controller di gioco

7.2.6.1. Mappature dei pulsanti

If device implementations declare the android.hardware.gamepad feature flag, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST have embed a controller or ship with a separate controller in the box, that would provide means to input all the events listed in the below tables.
  • [C-1-2] MUST be capable to map HID events to its associated Android view.InputEvent constants as listed in the below tables. The upstream Android implementation includes implementation for game controllers that satisfies this requirement.
Pulsante HID Usage 2 Android Button
UN 1 0x09 0x0001 KEYCODE_BUTTON_A (96)
B 1 0x09 0x0002 KEYCODE_BUTTON_B (97)
X 1 0x09 0x0004 KEYCODE_BUTTON_X (99)
Y 1 0x09 0x0005 KEYCODE_BUTTON_Y (100)
D-pad up 1
D-pad down 1
0x01 0x0039 3 AXIS_HAT_Y 4
D-pad left 1
D-pad right 1
0x01 0x0039 3 AXIS_HAT_X 4
Left shoulder button 1 0x09 0x0007 KEYCODE_BUTTON_L1 (102)
Right shoulder button 1 0x09 0x0008 KEYCODE_BUTTON_R1 (103)
Left stick click 1 0x09 0x000E KEYCODE_BUTTON_THUMBL (106)
Right stick click 1 0x09 0x000F KEYCODE_BUTTON_THUMBR (107)
Casa 1 0x0c 0x0223 KEYCODE_HOME (3)
Back 1 0x0c 0x0224 KEYCODE_BACK (4)

1 KeyEvent

2 The above HID usages MUST be declared within a Game pad CA (0x01 0x0005).

3 This usage MUST have a Logical Minimum of 0, a Logical Maximum of 7, a Physical Minimum of 0, a Physical Maximum of 315, Units in Degrees, and a Report Size of 4. The logical value is defined to be the clockwise rotation away from the vertical axis; for example, a logical value of 0 represents no rotation and the up button being pressed, while a logical value of 1 represents a rotation of 45 degrees and both the up and left keys being pressed.

4 MotionEvent

Analog Controls 1 HID Usage Android Button
Left Trigger 0x02 0x00C5 AXIS_LTRIGGER
Right Trigger 0x02 0x00C4 AXIS_RTRIGGER
Left Joystick 0x01 0x0030
0x01 0x0031
AXIS_X
AXIS_Y
Right Joystick 0x01 0x0032
0x01 0x0035
AXIS_Z
AXIS_RZ

1 MotionEvent

7.2.7. Telecomando

See Section 2.3.1 for device-specific requirements.

7.3. Sensori

If device implementations include a particular sensor type that has a corresponding API for third-party developers, the device implementation MUST implement that API as described in the Android SDK documentation and the Android Open Source documentation on sensors .

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST accurately report the presence or absence of sensors per the android.content.pm.PackageManager class.
  • [C-0-2] MUST return an accurate list of supported sensors via the SensorManager.getSensorList() and similar methods.
  • [C-0-3] MUST behave reasonably for all other sensor APIs (for example, by returning true or false as appropriate when applications attempt to register listeners, not calling sensor listeners when the corresponding sensors are not present; etc.).

If device implementations include a particular sensor type that has a corresponding API for third-party developers, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST report all sensor measurements using the relevant International System of Units (metric) values for each sensor type as defined in the Android SDK documentation.
  • [C-1-2] MUST report sensor data with a maximum latency of 100 milliseconds + 2 * sample_time for the case of a sensor stream with a maximum requested latency of 0 ms when the application processor is active. This delay does not include any filtering delays.
  • [C-1-3] MUST report the first sensor sample within 400 milliseconds + 2 * sample_time of the sensor being activated. It is acceptable for this sample to have an accuracy of 0.
  • [SR] SHOULD report the event time in nanoseconds as defined in the Android SDK documentation, representing the time the event happened and synchronized with the SystemClock.elapsedRealtimeNano() clock. Existing and new Android devices are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to meet these requirements so they will be able to upgrade to the future platform releases where this might become a REQUIRED component. The synchronization error SHOULD be below 100 milliseconds.

  • [C-1-4] For any API indicated by the Android SDK documentation to be a continuous sensor , device implementations MUST continuously provide periodic data samples that SHOULD have a jitter below 3%, where jitter is defined as the standard deviation of the difference of the reported timestamp values between consecutive events.

  • [C-1-5] MUST ensure that the sensor event stream MUST NOT prevent the device CPU from entering a suspend state or waking up from a suspend state.

  • When several sensors are activated, the power consumption SHOULD NOT exceed the sum of the individual sensor's reported power consumption.

The list above is not comprehensive; the documented behavior of the Android SDK and the Android Open Source Documentations on sensors is to be considered authoritative.

Some sensor types are composite, meaning they can be derived from data provided by one or more other sensors. (Examples include the orientation sensor and the linear acceleration sensor.)

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • SHOULD implement these sensor types, when they include the prerequisite physical sensors as described in sensor types .

If device implementations include a composite sensor, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST implement the sensor as described in the Android Open Source documentation on composite sensors .

7.3.1. Accelerometro

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to include a 3-axis accelerometer.

If device implementations include a 3-axis accelerometer, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST be able to report events up to a frequency of at least 50 Hz.
  • [C-1-2] MUST implement and report TYPE_ACCELEROMETER sensor.
  • [C-1-3] MUST comply with the Android sensor coordinate system as detailed in the Android APIs.
  • [C-1-4] MUST be capable of measuring from freefall up to four times the gravity(4g) or more on any axis.
  • [C-1-5] MUST have a resolution of at least 12-bits.
  • [C-1-6] MUST have a standard deviation no greater than 0.05 m/s^, where the standard deviation SHOULD be calculated on a per axis basis on samples collected over a period of at least 3 seconds at the fastest sampling rate.
  • [SR] are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to implement the TYPE_SIGNIFICANT_MOTION composite sensor.
  • [SR] are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to implement and report TYPE_ACCELEROMETER_UNCALIBRATED sensor. Android devices are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to meet this requirement so they will be able to upgrade to the future platform release where this might become REQUIRED.
  • SHOULD implement the TYPE_SIGNIFICANT_MOTION , TYPE_TILT_DETECTOR , TYPE_STEP_DETECTOR , TYPE_STEP_COUNTER composite sensors as described in the Android SDK document.
  • SHOULD report events up to at least 200 Hz.
  • SHOULD have a resolution of at least 16-bits.
  • SHOULD be calibrated while in use if the characteristics changes over the life cycle and compensated, and preserve the compensation parameters between device reboots.
  • SHOULD be temperature compensated.

If device implementations include a 3-axis accelerometer and any of the TYPE_SIGNIFICANT_MOTION , TYPE_TILT_DETECTOR , TYPE_STEP_DETECTOR , TYPE_STEP_COUNTER composite sensors are implemented:

  • [C-2-1] The sum of their power consumption MUST always be less than 4 mW.
  • SHOULD each be below 2 mW and 0.5 mW for when the device is in a dynamic or static condition.

If device implementations include a 3-axis accelerometer and a 3-axis gyroscope sensor, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST implement the TYPE_GRAVITY and TYPE_LINEAR_ACCELERATION composite sensors.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to implement the TYPE_GAME_ROTATION_VECTOR composite sensor.

If device implementations include a 3-axis accelerometer, a 3-axis gyroscope sensor, and a magnetometer sensor, they:

  • [C-4-1] MUST implement a TYPE_ROTATION_VECTOR composite sensor.

7.3.2. Magnetometro

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to include a 3-axis magnetometer (compass).

If device implementations include a 3-axis magnetometer, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement the TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD sensor.
  • [C-1-2] MUST be able to report events up to a frequency of at least 10 Hz and SHOULD report events up to at least 50 Hz.
  • [C-1-3] MUST comply with the Android sensor coordinate system as detailed in the Android APIs.
  • [C-1-4] MUST be capable of measuring between -900 µT and +900 µT on each axis before saturating.
  • [C-1-5] MUST have a hard iron offset value less than 700 µT and SHOULD have a value below 200 µT, by placing the magnetometer far from dynamic (current-induced) and static (magnet-induced) magnetic fields.
  • [C-1-6] MUST have a resolution equal or denser than 0.6 µT.
  • [C-1-7] MUST support online calibration and compensation of the hard iron bias, and preserve the compensation parameters between device reboots.
  • [C-1-8] MUST have the soft iron compensation applied—the calibration can be done either while in use or during the production of the device.
  • [C-1-9] MUST have a standard deviation, calculated on a per axis basis on samples collected over a period of at least 3 seconds at the fastest sampling rate, no greater than 1.5 µT; SHOULD have a standard deviation no greater than 0.5 µT.
  • SHOULD implement TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD_UNCALIBRATED sensor.
  • [SR] Existing and new Android devices are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to implement the TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD_UNCALIBRATED sensor.

If device implementations include a 3-axis magnetometer, an accelerometer sensor, and a 3-axis gyroscope sensor, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST implement a TYPE_ROTATION_VECTOR composite sensor.

If device implementations include a 3-axis magnetometer, an accelerometer, they:

  • MAY implement the TYPE_GEOMAGNETIC_ROTATION_VECTOR sensor.

If device implementations include a 3-axis magnetometer, an accelerometer and TYPE_GEOMAGNETIC_ROTATION_VECTOR sensor, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST consume less than 10 mW.
  • SHOULD consume less than 3 mW when the sensor is registered for batch mode at 10 Hz.

7.3.3. GPS

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to include a GPS/GNSS receiver.

If device implementations include a GPS/GNSS receiver and report the capability to applications through the android.hardware.location.gps feature flag, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support location outputs at a rate of at least 1 Hz when requested via LocationManager#requestLocationUpdate .
  • [C-1-2] MUST be able to determine the location in open-sky conditions (strong signals, negligible multipath, HDOP < 2) within 10 seconds (fast time to first fix), when connected to a 0.5 Mbps or faster data speed internet connection. This requirement is typically met by the use of some form of Assisted or Predicted GPS/GNSS technique to minimize GPS/GNSS lock-on time (Assistance data includes Reference Time, Reference Location and Satellite Ephemeris/Clock).
    • [C-1-6] After making such a location calculation, device implementations MUST determine its location, in open sky, within 5 seconds, when location requests are restarted, up to an hour after the initial location calculation, even when the subsequent request is made without a data connection, and/or after a power cycle.
  • In open sky conditions after determining the location, while stationary or moving with less than 1 meter per second squared of acceleration:

    • [C-1-3] MUST be able to determine location within 20 meters, and speed within 0.5 meters per second, at least 95% of the time.
    • [C-1-4] MUST simultaneously track and report via GnssStatus.Callback at least 8 satellites from one constellation.
    • SHOULD be able to simultaneously track at least 24 satellites, from multiple constellations (eg GPS + at least one of Glonass, Beidou, Galileo).
    • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to continue to deliver normal GPS/GNSS location outputs through GNSS Location Provider APIs during an emergency phone call.
    • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to report GNSS measurements from all constellations tracked (as reported in GnssStatus messages), with the exception of SBAS.
    • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to report AGC, and Frequency of GNSS measurement.
    • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to report all accuracy estimates (including Bearing, Speed, and Vertical) as part of each GPS/GNSS location.
    • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to report GNSS measurements, as soon as they are found, even if a location calculated from GPS/GNSS is not yet reported.
    • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to report GNSS pseudoranges and pseudorange rates, that, in open-sky conditions after determining the location, while stationary or moving with less than 0.2 meter per second squared of acceleration, are sufficient to calculate position within 20 meters, and speed within 0.2 meters per second, at least 95% of the time.

7.3.4. Giroscopio

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to include a gyroscope sensor unless a 3-axis accelerometer is also included.

If device implementations include a 3-axis gyroscope, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST be able to report events up to a frequency of at least 50 Hz.
  • [C-1-2] MUST implement the TYPE_GYROSCOPE sensor and are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to also implement the TYPE_GYROSCOPE_UNCALIBRATED sensor.
  • [C-1-4] MUST have a resolution of 12-bits or more and SHOULD have a resolution of 16-bits or more.
  • [C-1-5] MUST be temperature compensated.
  • [C-1-6] MUST be calibrated and compensated while in use, and preserve the compensation parameters between device reboots.
  • [C-1-7] MUST have a variance no greater than 1e-7 rad^2 / s^2 per Hz (variance per Hz, or rad^2 / s). The variance is allowed to vary with the sampling rate, but MUST be constrained by this value. In other words, if you measure the variance of the gyro at 1 Hz sampling rate it SHOULD be no greater than 1e-7 rad^2/s^2.
  • [SR] Calibration error is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to be less than 0.01 rad/s when device is stationary at room temperature.
  • SHOULD report events up to at least 200 Hz.

If device implementations include a 3-axis gyroscope, an accelerometer sensor and a magnetometer sensor, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST implement a TYPE_ROTATION_VECTOR composite sensor.

If device implementations include a 3-axis accelerometer and a 3-axis gyroscope sensor, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST implement the TYPE_GRAVITY and TYPE_LINEAR_ACCELERATION composite sensors.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to implement the TYPE_GAME_ROTATION_VECTOR composite sensor.

7.3.5. Barometro

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to include a barometer (ambient air pressure sensor).

If device implementations include a barometer, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement and report TYPE_PRESSURE sensor.
  • [C-1-2] MUST be able to deliver events at 5 Hz or greater.
  • [C-1-3] MUST be temperature compensated.
  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to be able to report pressure measurements in the range 300hPa to 1100hPa.
  • SHOULD have an absolute accuracy of 1hPa.
  • SHOULD have a relative accuracy of 0.12hPa over 20hPa range (equivalent to ~1m accuracy over ~200m change at sea level).

7.3.6. Termometro

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • MAY include an ambient thermometer (temperature sensor).
  • MAY but SHOULD NOT include a CPU temperature sensor.

If device implementations include an ambient thermometer (temperature sensor), they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST be defined as SENSOR_TYPE_AMBIENT_TEMPERATURE and MUST measure the ambient (room/vehicle cabin) temperature from where the user is interacting with the device in degrees Celsius.
  • [C-1-2] MUST be defined as SENSOR_TYPE_TEMPERATURE .
  • [C-1-3] MUST measure the temperature of the device CPU.
  • [C-1-4] MUST NOT measure any other temperature.

Note the SENSOR_TYPE_TEMPERATURE sensor type was deprecated in Android 4.0.

7.3.7. Fotometro

  • Device implementations MAY include a photometer (ambient light sensor).

7.3.8. Sensore di prossimità

  • Device implementations MAY include a proximity sensor.

If device implementations include a proximity sensor, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST measure the proximity of an object in the same direction as the screen. That is, the proximity sensor MUST be oriented to detect objects close to the screen, as the primary intent of this sensor type is to detect a phone in use by the user. If device implementations include a proximity sensor with any other orientation, it MUST NOT be accessible through this API.
  • [C-1-2] MUST have 1-bit of accuracy or more.

7.3.9. Sensori ad alta fedeltà

If device implementations include a set of higher quality sensors as defined in this section, and make available them to third-party apps, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST identify the capability through the android.hardware.sensor.hifi_sensors feature flag.

If device implementations declare android.hardware.sensor.hifi_sensors , they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST have a TYPE_ACCELEROMETER sensor which:

    • MUST have a measurement range between at least -8g and +8g, SHOULD have a measurement range between at least -16g and +16g.
    • MUST have a measurement resolution of at least 2048 LSB/g.
    • MUST have a minimum measurement frequency of 12.5 Hz or lower.
    • MUST have a maximum measurement frequency of 400 Hz or higher; SHOULD support the SensorDirectChannel RATE_VERY_FAST .
    • MUST have a measurement noise not above 400 μg/√Hz.
    • MUST implement a non-wake-up form of this sensor with a buffering capability of at least 3000 sensor events.
    • MUST have a batching power consumption not worse than 3 mW.
    • [C-SR] Is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to have 3dB measurement bandwidth of at least 80% of Nyquist frequency, and white noise spectrum within this bandwidth.
    • SHOULD have an acceleration random walk less than 30 μg √Hz tested at room temperature.
    • SHOULD have a bias change vs. temperature of ≤ +/- 1 mg/°C.
    • SHOULD have a best-fit line non-linearity of ≤ 0.5%, and sensitivity change vs. temperature of ≤ 0.03%/C°.
    • SHOULD have cross-axis sensitivity of < 2.5 % and variation of cross-axis sensitivity < 0.2% in device operation temperature range.
  • [C-2-2] MUST have a TYPE_ACCELEROMETER_UNCALIBRATED with the same quality requirements as TYPE_ACCELEROMETER .

  • [C-2-3] MUST have a TYPE_GYROSCOPE sensor which:

    • MUST have a measurement range between at least -1000 and +1000 dps.
    • MUST have a measurement resolution of at least 16 LSB/dps.
    • MUST have a minimum measurement frequency of 12.5 Hz or lower.
    • MUST have a maximum measurement frequency of 400 Hz or higher; SHOULD support the SensorDirectChannel RATE_VERY_FAST .
    • MUST have a measurement noise not above 0.014°/s/√Hz.
    • [C-SR] Is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to have 3dB measurement bandwidth of at least 80% of Nyquist frequency, and white noise spectrum within this bandwidth.
    • SHOULD have a rate random walk less than 0.001 °/s √Hz tested at room temperature.
    • SHOULD have a bias change vs. temperature of ≤ +/- 0.05 °/ s / °C.
    • SHOULD have a sensitivity change vs. temperature of ≤ 0.02% / °C.
    • SHOULD have a best-fit line non-linearity of ≤ 0.2%.
    • SHOULD have a noise density of ≤ 0.007 °/s/√Hz.
    • SHOULD have calibration error less than 0.002 rad/s in temperature range 10 ~ 40 ℃ when device is stationary.
    • SHOULD have g-sensitivity less than 0.1°/s/g.
    • SHOULD have cross-axis sensitivity of < 4.0 % and cross-axis sensitivity variation < 0.3% in device operation temperature range.
  • [C-2-4] MUST have a TYPE_GYROSCOPE_UNCALIBRATED with the same quality requirements as TYPE_GYROSCOPE .

  • [C-2-5] MUST have a TYPE_GEOMAGNETIC_FIELD sensor which:

    • MUST have a measurement range between at least -900 and +900 μT.
    • MUST have a measurement resolution of at least 5 LSB/uT.
    • MUST have a minimum measurement frequency of 5 Hz or lower.
    • MUST have a maximum measurement frequency of 50 Hz or higher.
    • MUST have a measurement noise not above 0.5 uT.
  • [C-2-6] MUST have a TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD_UNCALIBRATED with the same quality requirements as TYPE_GEOMAGNETIC_FIELD and in addition:

    • MUST implement a non-wake-up form of this sensor with a buffering capability of at least 600 sensor events.
    • [C-SR] Is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to have white noise spectrum from 1 Hz to at least 10 Hz when the report rate is 50 Hz or higher.
  • [C-2-7] MUST have a TYPE_PRESSURE sensor which:

    • MUST have a measurement range between at least 300 and 1100 hPa.
    • MUST have a measurement resolution of at least 80 LSB/hPa.
    • MUST have a minimum measurement frequency of 1 Hz or lower.
    • MUST have a maximum measurement frequency of 10 Hz or higher.
    • MUST have a measurement noise not above 2 Pa/√Hz.
    • MUST implement a non-wake-up form of this sensor with a buffering capability of at least 300 sensor events.
    • MUST have a batching power consumption not worse than 2 mW.
  • [C-2-8] MUST have a TYPE_GAME_ROTATION_VECTOR sensor.
  • [C-2-9] MUST have a TYPE_SIGNIFICANT_MOTION sensor which:
    • MUST have a power consumption not worse than 0.5 mW when device is static and 1.5 mW when device is moving.
  • [C-2-10] MUST have a TYPE_STEP_DETECTOR sensor which:
    • MUST implement a non-wake-up form of this sensor with a buffering capability of at least 100 sensor events.
    • MUST have a power consumption not worse than 0.5 mW when device is static and 1.5 mW when device is moving.
    • MUST have a batching power consumption not worse than 4 mW.
  • [C-2-11] MUST have a TYPE_STEP_COUNTER sensor which:
    • MUST have a power consumption not worse than 0.5 mW when device is static and 1.5 mW when device is moving.
  • [C-2-12] MUST have a TILT_DETECTOR sensor which:
    • MUST have a power consumption not worse than 0.5 mW when device is static and 1.5 mW when device is moving.
  • [C-2-13] The event timestamp of the same physical event reported by the Accelerometer, Gyroscope, and Magnetometer MUST be within 2.5 milliseconds of each other. The event timestamp of the same physical event reported by the Accelerometer and Gyroscope SHOULD be within 0.25 milliseconds of each other.
  • [C-2-14] MUST have Gyroscope sensor event timestamps on the same time base as the camera subsystem and within 1 milliseconds of error.
  • [C-2-15] MUST deliver samples to applications within 5 milliseconds from the time when the data is available on any of the above physical sensors to the application.
  • [C-2-16] MUST NOT have a power consumption higher than 0.5 mW when device is static and 2.0 mW when device is moving when any combination of the following sensors are enabled:
    • SENSOR_TYPE_SIGNIFICANT_MOTION
    • SENSOR_TYPE_STEP_DETECTOR
    • SENSOR_TYPE_STEP_COUNTER
    • SENSOR_TILT_DETECTORS
  • [C-2-17] MAY have a TYPE_PROXIMITY sensor, but if present MUST have a minimum buffer capability of 100 sensor events.

Note that all power consumption requirements in this section do not include the power consumption of the Application Processor. It is inclusive of the power drawn by the entire sensor chain—the sensor, any supporting circuitry, any dedicated sensor processing system, etc.

If device implementations include direct sensor support, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST correctly declare support of direct channel types and direct report rates level through the isDirectChannelTypeSupported and getHighestDirectReportRateLevel API.
  • [C-3-2] MUST support at least one of the two sensor direct channel types for all sensors that declare support for sensor direct channel.
  • SHOULD support event reporting through sensor direct channel for primary sensor (non-wakeup variant) of the following types:
    • TYPE_ACCELEROMETER
    • TYPE_ACCELEROMETER_UNCALIBRATED
    • TYPE_GYROSCOPE
    • TYPE_GYROSCOPE_UNCALIBRATED
    • TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD
    • TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD_UNCALIBRATED

7.3.10. Sensori biometrici

For additional background on Measuring Biometric Unlock Security, please see Measuring Biometric Security documentation .

If device implementations include a secure lock screen, they:

  • SHOULD include a biometric sensor

Biometric sensors can be classified as Strong , Weak , or Convenience based on their spoof and imposter acceptance rates, and on the security of the biometric pipeline. This classification determines the capabilities the biometric sensor has to interface with the platform and with third-party applications. Sensors are classified as Convenience by default, and need to meet additional requirements as detailed below if they wish to be classified as either Weak or Strong . Both Weak and Strong biometrics get additional capabilities as detailed below.

To make a biometric sensor available to third-party applications, device implementations:

  • [C-0-1] MUST meet the requirements for Strong or Weak biometric as defined in this document.

To allow access to keystore keys to third-party applications, device implementations:

  • [C-0-2] MUST meet the requirements for Strong as defined in this document.

Inoltre:

  • [C-0-3] MUST be paired with an explicit confirm action (eg a button press) if that Strong biometric is passive (eg face or iris where no explicit signal of the user's intent exists).
    • [C-SR] The confirm action for passive biometrics is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to be secured such that an operating system or kernel compromise cannot spoof it. For example, this means that the confirm action based on a physical button is routed through an input-only general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pin of a secure element (SE) that cannot be driven by any other means than a physical button premere.

If device implementations wish to treat a biometric sensor as Convenience , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST have a false acceptance rate less than 0.002%.
  • [C-1-2] MUST disclose that this mode may be less secure than a strong PIN, pattern, or password and clearly enumerate the risks of enabling it, if the spoof and imposter acceptance rates are higher than 7%.
  • [C-1-3] MUST rate limit attempts for at least 30 seconds after five false trials for biometric verification - where a false trial is one with an adequate capture quality ( BIOMETRIC_ACQUIRED_GOOD ) that does not match an enrolled biometric.
  • [C-1-4] MUST prevent adding new biometrics without first establishing a chain of trust by having the user confirm existing or add a new device credential (PIN/pattern/password) that's secured by TEE; the Android Open Source Project implementation provides the mechanism in the framework to do so.
  • [C-1-5] MUST completely remove all identifiable biometric data for a user when the user's account is removed (including via a factory reset).
  • [C-1-6] MUST honor the individual flag for that biometric (ie DevicePolicyManager.KEYGUARD_DISABLE_FINGERPRINT , DevicePolicymanager.KEYGUARD_DISABLE_FACE , or DevicePolicymanager.KEYGUARD_DISABLE_IRIS ).
  • [C-1-7] MUST challenge the user for the recommended primary authentication (eg PIN, pattern, password) once every 24 hours or less for new devices launching with Android version 10, once every 72 hours or less for devices upgrading from earlier Android version.
  • [C-1-8] MUST challenge the user for the recommended primary authentication (eg: PIN, pattern, password) after one of the following:

    • A 4-hour idle timeout period, OR
    • 3 failed biometric authentication attempts.
    • The idle timeout period and the failed authentication count is reset after any successful confirmation of the device credentials.

    Upgrading devices from an earlier Android version can be exempted from C-1-8.

  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to have a false rejection rate of less than 10%, as measured on the device.

  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to have a latency below 1 second, measured from when the biometric is detected, until the screen is unlocked, for each enrolled biometric.

If device implementations wish to treat a biometric sensor as Weak , they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST meet all requirements for Convenience above, except for [C-1-2].
  • [C-2-2] MUST have a spoof and imposter acceptance rate not higher than 20%.
  • [C-2-3] MUST have a hardware-backed keystore implementation, and perform the biometric matching in an isolated execution environment outside Android user or kernel space, such as the Trusted Execution Environment (TEE), or on a chip with a secure channel to the isolated execution environment.
  • [C-2-4] MUST have all identifiable data encrypted and cryptographically authenticated such that they cannot be acquired, read or altered outside of the isolated execution environment or a chip with a secure channel to the isolated execution environment as documented in the implementation guidelines on the Android Open Source Project site.
  • [C-2-5] For camera based biometrics, while biometric based authentication or enrollment is happening:
    • MUST operate the camera in a mode that prevents camera frames from being read or altered outside the isolated execution environment or a chip with a secure channel to the isolated execution environment.
    • For RGB single-camera solutions, the camera frames CAN be readable outside the isolated execution environment to support operations such as preview for enrollment, but MUST still NOT be alterable.
  • [C-2-6] MUST NOT enable third-party applications to distinguish between individual biometric enrollments.
  • [C-2-7] MUST NOT allow unencrypted access to identifiable biometric data or any data derived from it (such as embeddings) to the Application Processor outside the context of the TEE.
  • [C-2-8] MUST have a secure processing pipeline such that an operating system or kernel compromise cannot allow data to be directly injected to falsely authenticate as the user.

    If device implementations are already launched on an earlier Android version and cannot meet the requirement C-2-8 through a system software update, they MAY be exempted from the requirement.

If device implementations wish to treat a biometric sensor as Strong , they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST meet all the requirements of Weak above. Upgrading devices from an earlier Android version is not exempted from C-2-7.
  • [C-3-2] MUST have a spoof and imposter acceptance rate not higher than 7%.
  • [C-3-3] MUST challenge the user for the recommended primary authentication (eg PIN, pattern, password) once every 72 hours or less.

7.3.12. Pose Sensor

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • MAY support pose sensor with 6 degrees of freedom.

If device implementations support pose sensor with 6 degrees of freedom, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement and report TYPE_POSE_6DOF sensor.
  • [C-1-2] MUST be more accurate than the rotation vector alone.

7.4. Connettività dati

7.4.1. Telefonia

“Telephony” as used by the Android APIs and this document refers specifically to hardware related to placing voice calls and sending SMS messages via a GSM or CDMA network. While these voice calls may or may not be packet-switched, they are for the purposes of Android considered independent of any data connectivity that may be implemented using the same network. In other words, the Android “telephony” functionality and APIs refer specifically to voice calls and SMS. For instance, device implementations that cannot place calls or send/receive SMS messages are not considered a telephony device, regardless of whether they use a cellular network for data connectivity.

  • Android MAY be used on devices that do not include telephony hardware. That is, Android is compatible with devices that are not phones.

If device implementations include GSM or CDMA telephony, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST declare the android.hardware.telephony feature flag and other sub-feature flags according to the technology.
  • [C-1-2] MUST implement full support for the API for that technology.

If device implementations do not include telephony hardware, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST implement the full APIs as no-ops.

If device implementations support eUICCs or eSIMs/embedded SIMs and include a proprietary mechanism to make eSIM functionality available for third-party developers, they:

7.4.1.1. Number Blocking Compatibility

If device implementations report the android.hardware.telephony feature , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST include number blocking support
  • [C-1-2] MUST fully implement BlockedNumberContract and the corresponding API as described in the SDK documentation.
  • [C-1-3] MUST block all calls and messages from a phone number in 'BlockedNumberProvider' without any interaction with apps. The only exception is when number blocking is temporarily lifted as described in the SDK documentation.
  • [C-1-4] MUST NOT write to the platform call log provider for a blocked call.
  • [C-1-5] MUST NOT write to the Telephony provider for a blocked message.
  • [C-1-6] MUST implement a blocked numbers management UI, which is opened with the intent returned by TelecomManager.createManageBlockedNumbersIntent() method.
  • [C-1-7] MUST NOT allow secondary users to view or edit the blocked numbers on the device as the Android platform assumes the primary user to have full control of the telephony services, a single instance, on the device. All blocking related UI MUST be hidden for secondary users and the blocked list MUST still be respected.
  • SHOULD migrate the blocked numbers into the provider when a device updates to Android 7.0.
7.4.1.2. Telecom API

Se le implementazioni del dispositivo riportano android.hardware.telephony , loro:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support the ConnectionService APIs described in the SDK .
  • [C-1-2] MUST display a new incoming call and provide user affordance to accept or reject the incoming call when the user is on an ongoing call that is made by a third-party app that does not support the hold feature specified via CAPABILITY_SUPPORT_HOLD .
  • [C-1-3] MUST have an application that implements InCallService .
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to notify the user that answering an incoming call will drop an ongoing call.

    The AOSP implementation meets these requirements by a heads-up notification which indicates to the user that answering an incoming call will cause the other call to be dropped.

  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to preload the default dialer app that shows a call log entry and the name of a third-party app in its call log when the third-party app sets the EXTRA_LOG_SELF_MANAGED_CALLS extras key on its PhoneAccount to true .

  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to handle the audio headset's KEYCODE_MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE and KEYCODE_HEADSETHOOK events for the android.telecom APIs as below:

7.4.2. IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi)

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • SHOULD include support for one or more forms of 802.11.

If device implementations include support for 802.11 and expose the functionality to a third-party application, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement the corresponding Android API.
  • [C-1-2] MUST report the hardware feature flag android.hardware.wifi .
  • [C-1-3] MUST implement the multicast API as described in the SDK documentation.
  • [C-1-4] MUST support multicast DNS (mDNS) and MUST NOT filter mDNS packets (224.0.0.251) at any time of operation including:
    • Even when the screen is not in an active state.
    • For Android Television device implementations, even when in standby power states.
  • [C-1-5] MUST NOT treat the WifiManager.enableNetwork() API method call as a sufficient indication to switch the currently active Network that is used by default for application traffic and is returned by ConnectivityManager API methods such as getActiveNetwork and registerDefaultNetworkCallback . In other words, they MAY only disable the Internet access provided by any other network provider (eg mobile data) if they successfully validate that the Wi-Fi network is providing Internet access.
  • [C-1-6] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to, when the ConnectivityManager.reportNetworkConnectivity() API method is called, re-evaluate the Internet access on the Network and, once the evaluation determines that the current Network no longer provides Internet access, switch to any other available network (eg mobile data) that provides Internet access.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to randomize the source MAC address and sequence number of probe request frames, once at the beginning of each scan, while STA is disconnected.
    • Each group of probe request frames comprising one scan SHOULD use one consistent MAC address (SHOULD NOT randomize MAC address halfway through a scan).
    • Probe request sequence number SHOULD iterate as normal (sequentially) between the probe requests in a scan.
    • Probe request sequence number SHOULD randomize between the last probe request of a scan and the first probe request of the next scan.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED, while STA is disconnected, to allow only the following elements in probe request frames:
    • SSID Parameter Set (0)
    • DS Parameter Set (3)

If device implementations include support for Wi-Fi power save mode as defined in IEEE 802.11 standard, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST turn off Wi-Fi power save mode whenever an app acquires WIFI_MODE_FULL_HIGH_PERF lock or WIFI_MODE_FULL_LOW_LATENCY lock via WifiManager.createWifiLock() and WifiManager.WifiLock.acquire() APIs and the lock is active.
  • [C-3-2] The average round trip latency between the device and an access point while the device is in a Wi-Fi Low Latency Lock ( WIFI_MODE_FULL_LOW_LATENCY ) mode MUST be smaller than the latency during a Wi-Fi High Perf Lock ( WIFI_MODE_FULL_HIGH_PERF ) mode.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to minimize Wi-Fi round trip latency whenever a Low Latency Lock ( WIFI_MODE_FULL_LOW_LATENCY ) is acquired and takes effect.

If device implementations support Wi-Fi and use Wi-Fi for location scanning, they:

7.4.2.1. Wi-Fi diretto

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • SHOULD include support for Wi-Fi Direct (Wi-Fi peer-to-peer).

If device implementations include support for Wi-Fi Direct, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement the corresponding Android API as described in the SDK documentation.
  • [C-1-2] MUST report the hardware feature android.hardware.wifi.direct .
  • [C-1-3] MUST support regular Wi-Fi operation.
  • [C-1-4] MUST support Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi Direct operations concurrently.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

If device implementations include support for TDLS and TDLS is enabled by the WiFiManager API, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST declare support for TDLS through WifiManager.isTdlsSupported .
  • SHOULD use TDLS only when it is possible AND beneficial.
  • SHOULD have some heuristic and NOT use TDLS when its performance might be worse than going through the Wi-Fi access point.
7.4.2.3. Wi-Fi Aware

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

If device implementations include support for Wi-Fi Aware and expose the functionality to third-party apps, then they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement the WifiAwareManager APIs as described in the SDK documentation .
  • [C-1-2] MUST declare the android.hardware.wifi.aware feature flag.
  • [C-1-3] MUST support Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi Aware operations concurrently.
  • [C-1-4] MUST randomize the Wi-Fi Aware management interface address at intervals no longer than 30 minutes and whenever Wi-Fi Aware is enabled.

If device implementations include support for Wi-Fi Aware and Wi-Fi Location as described in Section 7.4.2.5 and exposes these functionalities to third-party apps, then they:

7.4.2.4. Wi-Fi Passpoint

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

If device implementations include support for Wi-Fi Passpoint, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement the Passpoint related WifiManager APIs as described in the SDK documentation .
  • [C-1-2] MUST support IEEE 802.11u standard, specifically related to Network Discovery and Selection, such as Generic Advertisement Service (GAS) and Access Network Query Protocol (ANQP).

Conversely if device implementations do not include support for Wi-Fi Passpoint:

  • [C-2-1] The implementation of the Passpoint related WifiManager APIs MUST throw an UnsupportedOperationException .
7.4.2.5. Wi-Fi Location (Wi-Fi Round Trip Time - RTT)

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

If device implementations include support for Wi-Fi Location and expose the functionality to third-party apps, then they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement the WifiRttManager APIs as described in the SDK documentation .
  • [C-1-2] MUST declare the android.hardware.wifi.rtt feature flag.
  • [C-1-3] MUST randomize the source MAC address for each RTT burst which is executed while the Wi-Fi interface on which the RTT is being executed is not associated to an Access Point.
7.4.2.6. Wi-Fi Keepalive Offload

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • SHOULD include support for Wi-Fi keepalive offload.

If device implementations include support for Wi-Fi keepalive offload and expose the functionality to third-party apps, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support the SocketKeepAlive API.

  • [C-1-2] MUST support at least three concurrent keepalive slots over Wi-Fi and at least one keepalive slot over cellular.

If device implementations do not include support for Wi-Fi keepalive offload, they:

7.4.2.7. Wi-Fi Easy Connect (Device Provisioning Protocol)

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

If device implementations include support for Wi-Fi Easy Connect and expose the functionality to third-party apps, they:

7.4.3. Bluetooth

If device implementations support Bluetooth Audio profile, they:

  • SHOULD support Advanced Audio Codecs and Bluetooth Audio Codecs (eg LDAC).

If device implementations support HFP, A2DP and AVRCP, they:

  • SHOULD support at least 5 total connected devices.

If device implementations declare android.hardware.vr.high_performance feature, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support Bluetooth 4.2 and Bluetooth LE Data Length Extension.

Android includes support for Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy .

If device implementations include support for Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST declare the relevant platform features ( android.hardware.bluetooth and android.hardware.bluetooth_le respectively) and implement the platform APIs.
  • SHOULD implement relevant Bluetooth profiles such as A2DP, AVRCP, OBEX, HFP, etc. as appropriate for the device.

If device implementations include support for Bluetooth Low Energy, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST declare the hardware feature android.hardware.bluetooth_le .
  • [C-3-2] MUST enable the GATT (generic attribute profile) based Bluetooth APIs as described in the SDK documentation and android.bluetooth .
  • [C-3-3] MUST report the correct value for BluetoothAdapter.isOffloadedFilteringSupported() to indicate whether the filtering logic for the ScanFilter API classes is implemented.
  • [C-3-4] MUST report the correct value for BluetoothAdapter.isMultipleAdvertisementSupported() to indicate whether Low Energy Advertising is supported.
  • SHOULD support offloading of the filtering logic to the bluetooth chipset when implementing the ScanFilter API .
  • SHOULD support offloading of the batched scanning to the bluetooth chipset.
  • SHOULD support multi advertisement with at least 4 slots.

  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to implement a Resolvable Private Address (RPA) timeout no longer than 15 minutes and rotate the address at timeout to protect user privacy.

If device implementations support Bluetooth LE and use Bluetooth LE for location scanning, they:

  • [C-4-1] MUST provide a user affordance to enable/disable the value read through the System API BluetoothAdapter.isBleScanAlwaysAvailable() .

If device implementations include support for Bluetooth LE and Hearing Aids Profile, as described in Hearing Aid Audio Support Using Bluetooth LE , they:

7.4.4. Comunicazioni a campo vicino

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • SHOULD include a transceiver and related hardware for Near-Field Communications (NFC).
  • [C-0-1] MUST implement android.nfc.NdefMessage and android.nfc.NdefRecord APIs even if they do not include support for NFC or declare the android.hardware.nfc feature as the classes represent a protocol-independent data representation format .

If device implementations include NFC hardware and plan to make it available to third-party apps, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST report the android.hardware.nfc feature from the android.content.pm.PackageManager.hasSystemFeature() method .
  • MUST be capable of reading and writing NDEF messages via the following NFC standards as below:
  • [C-1-2] MUST be capable of acting as an NFC Forum reader/writer (as defined by the NFC Forum technical specification NFCForum-TS-DigitalProtocol-1.0) via the following NFC standards:
    • NfcA (ISO14443-3A)
    • NfcB (ISO14443-3B)
    • NfcF (JIS X 6319-4)
    • IsoDep (ISO 14443-4)
    • NFC Forum Tag Types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (defined by the NFC Forum)
  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to be capable of reading and writing NDEF messages as well as raw data via the following NFC standards. Note that while the NFC standards are stated as STRONGLY RECOMMENDED, the Compatibility Definition for a future version is planned to change these to MUST. These standards are optional in this version but will be required in future versions. Existing and new devices that run this version of Android are VERY STRONGLY ENCOURAGED to meet these requirements now so they will be able to upgrade to the future platform releases.

  • [C-1-13] MUST poll for all supported technologies while in NFC discovery mode.

  • SHOULD be in NFC discovery mode while the device is awake with the screen active and the lock-screen unlocked.
  • SHOULD be capable of reading the barcode and URL (if encoded) of Thinfilm NFC Barcode products.

Note that publicly available links are not available for the JIS, ISO, and NFC Forum specifications cited above.

Android includes support for NFC Host Card Emulation (HCE) mode.

If device implementations include an NFC controller chipset capable of HCE (for NfcA and/or NfcB) and support Application ID (AID) routing, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST report the android.hardware.nfc.hce feature constant.
  • [C-2-2] MUST support NFC HCE APIs as defined in the Android SDK.

If device implementations include an NFC controller chipset capable of HCE for NfcF, and implement the feature for third-party applications, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST report the android.hardware.nfc.hcef feature constant.
  • [C-3-2] MUST implement the NfcF Card Emulation APIs as defined in the Android SDK.

If device implementations include general NFC support as described in this section and support MIFARE technologies (MIFARE Classic, MIFARE Ultralight, NDEF on MIFARE Classic) in the reader/writer role, they:

  • [C-4-1] MUST implement the corresponding Android APIs as documented by the Android SDK.
  • [C-4-2] MUST report the feature com.nxp.mifare from the android.content.pm.PackageManager.hasSystemFeature () method. Note that this is not a standard Android feature and as such does not appear as a constant in the android.content.pm.PackageManager class.

7.4.5. Capacità di rete minima

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST include support for one or more forms of data networking. Specifically, device implementations MUST include support for at least one data standard capable of 200 Kbit/sec or greater. Examples of technologies that satisfy this requirement include EDGE, HSPA, EV-DO, 802.11g, Ethernet and Bluetooth PAN.
  • SHOULD also include support for at least one common wireless data standard, such as 802.11 (Wi-Fi), when a physical networking standard (such as Ethernet) is the primary data connection.
  • MAY implement more than one form of data connectivity.
  • [C-0-2] MUST include an IPv6 networking stack and support IPv6 communication using the managed APIs, such as java.net.Socket and java.net.URLConnection , as well as the native APIs, such as AF_INET6 sockets.
  • [C-0-3] MUST enable IPv6 by default.
  • MUST ensure that IPv6 communication is as reliable as IPv4, for example:
    • [C-0-4] MUST maintain IPv6 connectivity in doze mode.
    • [C-0-5] Rate-limiting MUST NOT cause the device to lose IPv6 connectivity on any IPv6-compliant network that uses RA lifetimes of at least 180 seconds.
  • [C-0-6] MUST provide third-party applications with direct IPv6 connectivity to the network when connected to an IPv6 network, without any form of address or port translation happening locally on the device. Both managed APIs such as Socket#getLocalAddress or Socket#getLocalPort ) and NDK APIs such as getsockname() or IPV6_PKTINFO MUST return the IP address and port that is actually used to send and receive packets on the network.

The required level of IPv6 support depends on the network type, as shown in the following requirements.

If device implementations support Wi-Fi, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support dual-stack and IPv6-only operation on Wi-Fi.

If device implementations support Ethernet, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST support dual-stack operation on Ethernet.

If device implementations support Cellular data, they:

  • SHOULD support IPv6 operation (IPv6-only and possibly dual-stack) on cellular.

If device implementations support more than one network type (eg, Wi-Fi and cellular data), they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST simultaneously meet the above requirements on each network when the device is simultaneously connected to more than one network type.

7.4.6. Sincronizza impostazioni

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

7.4.7. Data Saver

If device implementations include a metered connection, they are:

  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to provide the data saver mode.

If device implementations provide the data saver mode, they:

If device implementations do not provide the data saver mode, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST return the value RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_STATUS_DISABLED for ConnectivityManager.getRestrictBackgroundStatus()
  • [C-2-2] MUST NOT broadcast ConnectivityManager.ACTION_RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_CHANGED .
  • [C-2-3] MUST have an activity that handles the Settings.ACTION_IGNORE_BACKGROUND_DATA_RESTRICTIONS_SETTINGS intent but MAY implement it as a no-op.

7.4.8. Secure Elements

If device implementations support Open Mobile API capable secure elements and make them available to 3rd-party apps, they:

7.5. Macchine fotografiche

If device implementations include at least one camera, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST declare the android.hardware.camera.any feature flag.
  • [C-1-2] MUST be possible for an application to simultaneously allocate 3 RGBA_8888 bitmaps equal to the size of the images produced by the largest-resolution camera sensor on the device, while camera is open for the purpose of basic preview and still catturare.
  • [C-1-3] MUST ensure that the preinstalled default camera application handling intents MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE , MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE_SECURE , or MediaStore.ACTION_VIDEO_CAPTURE , is responsible for removing the user location in the image metadata before sending it to the receiving application when the receiving application does not have ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION .

7.5.1. Fotocamera posteriore

A rear-facing camera is a camera located on the side of the device opposite the display; that is, it images scenes on the far side of the device, like a traditional camera.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • SHOULD include a rear-facing camera.

If device implementations include at least one rear-facing camera, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST report the feature flag android.hardware.camera and android.hardware.camera.any .
  • [C-1-2] MUST have a resolution of at least 2 megapixels.
  • SHOULD have either hardware auto-focus or software auto-focus implemented in the camera driver (transparent to application software).
  • MAY have fixed-focus or EDOF (extended depth of field) hardware.
  • MAY include a flash.

If the camera includes a flash:

  • [C-2-1] the flash lamp MUST NOT be lit while an android.hardware.Camera.PreviewCallback instance has been registered on a Camera preview surface, unless the application has explicitly enabled the flash by enabling the FLASH_MODE_AUTO or FLASH_MODE_ON attributes of a Camera.Parameters object. Note that this constraint does not apply to the device's built-in system camera application, but only to third-party applications using Camera.PreviewCallback .

7.5.2. Fotocamera frontale

A front-facing camera is a camera located on the same side of the device as the display; that is, a camera typically used to image the user, such as for video conferencing and similar applications.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • MAY include a front-facing camera.

If device implementations include at least one front-facing camera, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST report the feature flag android.hardware.camera.any and android.hardware.camera.front .
  • [C-1-2] MUST have a resolution of at least VGA (640x480 pixels).
  • [C-1-3] MUST NOT use a front-facing camera as the default for the Camera API and MUST NOT configure the API to treat a front-facing camera as the default rear-facing camera, even if it is the only camera on the device.
  • [C-1-4] The camera preview MUST be mirrored horizontally relative to the orientation specified by the application when the current application has explicitly requested that the Camera display be rotated via a call to the android.hardware.Camera.setDisplayOrientation() method . Conversely, the preview MUST be mirrored along the device's default horizontal axis when the current application does not explicitly request that the Camera display be rotated via a call to the android.hardware.Camera.setDisplayOrientation() method.
  • [C-1-5] MUST NOT mirror the final captured still image or video streams returned to application callbacks or committed to media storage.
  • [C-1-6] MUST mirror the image displayed by the postview in the same manner as the camera preview image stream.
  • MAY include features (such as auto-focus, flash, etc.) available to rear-facing cameras as described in section 7.5.1 .

If device implementations are capable of being rotated by user (such as automatically via an accelerometer or manually via user input):

  • [C-2-1] The camera preview MUST be mirrored horizontally relative to the device's current orientation.

7.5.3. Fotocamera esterna

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • MAY include support for an external camera that is not necessarily always connected.

If device implementations include support for an external camera, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST declare the platform feature flag android.hardware.camera.external and android.hardware camera.any .
  • [C-1-2] MUST support USB Video Class (UVC 1.0 or higher) if the external camera connects through the USB host port.
  • [C-1-3] MUST pass camera CTS tests with a physical external camera device connected. Details of camera CTS testing are available at source.android.com .
  • SHOULD support video compressions such as MJPEG to enable transfer of high-quality unencoded streams (ie raw or independently compressed picture streams).
  • MAY support multiple cameras.
  • MAY support camera-based video encoding.

If camera-based video encoding is supported:

  • [C-2-1] A simultaneous unencoded / MJPEG stream (QVGA or greater resolution) MUST be accessible to the device implementation.

7.5.4. Comportamento dell'API della fotocamera

Android includes two API packages to access the camera, the newer android.hardware.camera2 API expose lower-level camera control to the app, including efficient zero-copy burst/streaming flows and per-frame controls of exposure, gain, white balance gains, color conversion, denoising, sharpening, and more.

The older API package, android.hardware.Camera , is marked as deprecated in Android 5.0 but as it SHOULD still be available for apps to use. Android device implementations MUST ensure the continued support of the API as described in this section and in the Android SDK.

All features that are common between the deprecated android.hardware.Camera class and the newer android.hardware.camera2 package MUST have equivalent performance and quality in both APIs. For example, with equivalent settings, autofocus speed and accuracy MUST be identical, and the quality of captured images MUST be the same. Features that depend on the different semantics of the two APIs are not required to have matching speed or quality, but SHOULD match as closely as possible.

Device implementations MUST implement the following behaviors for the camera-related APIs, for all available cameras. Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST use android.hardware.PixelFormat.YCbCr_420_SP for preview data provided to application callbacks when an application has never called android.hardware.Camera.Parameters.setPreviewFormat(int) .
  • [C-0-2] MUST further be in the NV21 encoding format when an application registers an android.hardware.Camera.PreviewCallback instance and the system calls the onPreviewFrame() method and the preview format is YCbCr_420_SP, the data in the byte[] passed into onPreviewFrame() . That is, NV21 MUST be the default.
  • [C-0-3] MUST support the YV12 format (as denoted by the android.graphics.ImageFormat.YV12 constant) for camera previews for both front- and rear-facing cameras for android.hardware.Camera . (The hardware video encoder and camera may use any native pixel format, but the device implementation MUST support conversion to YV12.)
  • [C-0-4] MUST support the android.hardware.ImageFormat.YUV_420_888 and android.hardware.ImageFormat.JPEG formats as outputs through the android.media.ImageReader API for android.hardware.camera2 devices that advertise REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_BACKWARD_COMPATIBLE capability in android.request.availableCapabilities .
  • [C-0-5] MUST still implement the full Camera API included in the Android SDK documentation, regardless of whether the device includes hardware autofocus or other capabilities. For instance, cameras that lack autofocus MUST still call any registered android.hardware.Camera.AutoFocusCallback instances (even though this has no relevance to a non-autofocus camera.) Note that this does apply to front-facing cameras; for instance, even though most front-facing cameras do not support autofocus, the API callbacks MUST still be “faked” as described.
  • [C-0-6] MUST recognize and honor each parameter name defined as a constant in the android.hardware.Camera.Parameters class and the android.hardware.camera2.CaptureRequest class. Conversely, device implementations MUST NOT honor or recognize string constants passed to the android.hardware.Camera.setParameters() method other than those documented as constants on the android.hardware.Camera.Parameters . That is, device implementations MUST support all standard Camera parameters if the hardware allows, and MUST NOT support custom Camera parameter types. For instance, device implementations that support image capture using high dynamic range (HDR) imaging techniques MUST support camera parameter Camera.SCENE_MODE_HDR .
  • [C-0-7] MUST report the proper level of support with the android.info.supportedHardwareLevel property as described in the Android SDK and report the appropriate framework feature flags .
  • [C-0-8] MUST also declare its individual camera capabilities of android.hardware.camera2 via the android.request.availableCapabilities property and declare the appropriate feature flags ; MUST define the feature flag if any of its attached camera devices supports the feature.
  • [C-0-9] MUST broadcast the Camera.ACTION_NEW_PICTURE intent whenever a new picture is taken by the camera and the entry of the picture has been added to the media store.
  • [C-0-10] MUST broadcast the Camera.ACTION_NEW_VIDEO intent whenever a new video is recorded by the camera and the entry of the picture has been added to the media store.
  • [C-0-11] MUST have all cameras accessible via the deprecated android.hardware.Camera API also accessible via the android.hardware.camera2 API.
  • [C-SR] For devices with multiple RGB cameras facing in the same direction, are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support a logical camera device that lists capability CameraMetadata.REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_LOGICAL_MULTI_CAMERA , consisting of all of the RGB cameras facing that direction as physical sub-devices.

If device implementations provide a proprietary camera API to 3rd-party apps, they:

7.5.5. Orientamento della fotocamera

If device implementations have a front- or a rear-facing camera, such camera(s):

  • [C-1-1] MUST be oriented so that the long dimension of the camera aligns with the screen's long dimension. That is, when the device is held in the landscape orientation, cameras MUST capture images in the landscape orientation. This applies regardless of the device's natural orientation; that is, it applies to landscape-primary devices as well as portrait-primary devices.

7.6. Memoria e archiviazione

7.6.1. Memoria e archiviazione minime

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST include a Download Manager that applications MAY use to download data files and they MUST be capable of downloading individual files of at least 100MB in size to the default “cache” location.

7.6.2. Archiviazione condivisa dell'applicazione

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST offer storage to be shared by applications, also often referred as “shared external storage”, "application shared storage" or by the Linux path "/sdcard" it is mounted on.
  • [C-0-2] MUST be configured with shared storage mounted by default, in other words “out of the box”, regardless of whether the storage is implemented on an internal storage component or a removable storage medium (eg Secure Digital card slot ).
  • [C-0-3] MUST mount the application shared storage directly on the Linux path sdcard or include a Linux symbolic link from sdcard to the actual mount point.
  • [C-0-4] MUST enforce the android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission on this shared storage as documented in the SDK.
  • [C-0-5] MUST enable scoped storage by default for all apps targeting API level 29 or above, except in the following situations:
    • when the app was installed before the device upgraded to API level 29, regardless of the target API of the app.
    • when the app has requested android:requestLegacyExternalStorage="true" in their manifest.
    • when the app is granted the android.permission.WRITE_MEDIA_STORAGE permission.
  • [C-0-6] MUST enforce that apps with scoped storage enabled have no direct filesystem access to files outside of their application-specific directories, as returned by Context API methods such as Context.getExternalFilesDirs() , Context.getExternalCacheDirs() , Context.getExternalMediaDirs() , and Context.getObbDirs() methods.
  • [C-0-7] MUST redact location metadata, such as GPS Exif tags, stored in media files when those files are accessed through MediaStore , except when the calling app holds the ACCESS_MEDIA_LOCATION permission.

Device implementations MAY meet the above requirements using either of the following:

  • User-accessible removable storage, such as a Secure Digital (SD) card slot.
  • A portion of the internal (non-removable) storage as implemented in the Android Open Source Project (AOSP).

If device implementations use removable storage to satisfy the above requirements, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement a toast or pop-up user interface warning the user when there is no storage medium inserted in the slot.
  • [C-1-2] MUST include a FAT-formatted storage medium (eg SD card) or show on the box and other material available at time of purchase that the storage medium has to be purchased separately.

If device implementations use a portion of the non-removable storage to satisfy the above requirements, they:

  • SHOULD use the AOSP implementation of the internal application shared storage.
  • MAY share the storage space with the application private data.

If device implementations include multiple shared storage paths (such as both an SD card slot and shared internal storage), they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST allow only pre-installed and privileged Android applications with the WRITE_MEDIA_STORAGE permission to write to the secondary external storage, except when writing to their package-specific directories or within the URI returned by firing the ACTION_OPEN_DOCUMENT_TREE intent.
  • [C-2-2] MUST require that the direct access associated with the android.permission.WRITE_MEDIA_STORAGE permission is only given to user-visible apps when the android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission is also granted.
  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED that pre-installed and privileged Android applications use public APIs such as MediaStore to interact with storage devices, instead of relying on the direct access granted by android.permission.WRITE_MEDIA_STORAGE .

If device implementations have a USB port with USB peripheral mode support, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST provide a mechanism to access the data on the application shared storage from a host computer.
  • SHOULD expose content from both storage paths transparently through Android's media scanner service and android.provider.MediaStore .
  • MAY use USB mass storage, but SHOULD use Media Transfer Protocol to satisfy this requirement.

If device implementations have a USB port with USB peripheral mode and support Media Transfer Protocol, they:

  • SHOULD be compatible with the reference Android MTP host, Android File Transfer .
  • SHOULD report a USB device class of 0x00.
  • SHOULD report a USB interface name of 'MTP'.

7.6.3. Archiviazione adottabile

If the device is expected to be mobile in nature unlike Television, device implementations are:

  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to implement the adoptable storage in a long-term stable location, since accidentally disconnecting them can cause data loss/corruption.

If the removable storage device port is in a long-term stable location, such as within the battery compartment or other protective cover, device implementations are:

7.7. USB

If device implementations have a USB port, they:

  • SHOULD support USB peripheral mode and SHOULD support USB host mode.

7.7.1. USB peripheral mode

If device implementations include a USB port supporting peripheral mode:

  • [C-1-1] The port MUST be connectable to a USB host that has a standard type-A or type-C USB port.
  • [C-1-2] MUST report the correct value of iSerialNumber in USB standard device descriptor through android.os.Build.SERIAL .
  • [C-1-3] MUST detect 1.5A and 3.0A chargers per the Type-C resistor standard and MUST detect changes in the advertisement if they support Type-C USB.
  • [SR] The port SHOULD use micro-B, micro-AB or Type-C USB form factor. Existing and new Android devices are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to meet these requirements so they will be able to upgrade to the future platform releases.
  • [SR] The port SHOULD be located on the bottom of the device (according to natural orientation) or enable software screen rotation for all apps (including home screen), so that the display draws correctly when the device is oriented with the port at bottom . Existing and new Android devices are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to meet these requirements so they will be able to upgrade to future platform releases.
  • [SR] SHOULD implement support to draw 1.5 A current during HS chirp and traffic as specified in the USB Battery Charging specification, revision 1.2 . Existing and new Android devices are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to meet these requirements so they will be able to upgrade to the future platform releases.
  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to not support proprietary charging methods that modify Vbus voltage beyond default levels, or alter sink/source roles as such may result in interoperability issues with the chargers or devices that support the standard USB Power Delivery methods. While this is called out as "STRONGLY RECOMMENDED", in future Android versions we might REQUIRE all type-C devices to support full interoperability with standard type-C chargers.
  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support Power Delivery for data and power role swapping when they support Type-C USB and USB host mode.
  • SHOULD support Power Delivery for high-voltage charging and support for Alternate Modes such as display out.
  • SHOULD implement the Android Open Accessory (AOA) API and specification as documented in the Android SDK documentation.

If device implementations include a USB port and implement the AOA specification, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST declare support for the hardware feature android.hardware.usb.accessory .
  • [C-2-2] The USB mass storage class MUST include the string "android" at the end of the interface description iInterface string of the USB mass storage
  • SHOULD NOT implement AOAv2 audio documented in the Android Open Accessory Protocol 2.0 documentation. AOAv2 audio is deprecated as of Android version 8.0 (API level 26).

7.7.2. USB host mode

If device implementations include a USB port supporting host mode, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement the Android USB host API as documented in the Android SDK and MUST declare support for the hardware feature android.hardware.usb.host .
  • [C-1-2] MUST implement support to connect standard USB peripherals, in other words, they MUST either:
    • Have an on-device type C port or ship with cable(s) adapting an on-device proprietary port to a standard USB type-C port (USB Type-C device).
    • Have an on-device type A or ship with cable(s) adapting an on-device proprietary port to a standard USB type-A port.
    • Have an on-device micro-AB port, which SHOULD ship with a cable adapting to a standard type-A port.
  • [C-1-3] MUST NOT ship with an adapter converting from USB type A or micro-AB ports to a type-C port (receptacle).
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to implement the USB audio class as documented in the Android SDK documentation.
  • SHOULD support charging the connected USB peripheral device while in host mode; advertising a source current of at least 1.5A as specified in the Termination Parameters section of the USB Type-C Cable and Connector Specification Revision 1.2 for USB Type-C connectors or using Charging Downstream Port(CDP) output current range as specified in the USB Battery Charging specifications, revision 1.2 for Micro-AB connectors.
  • SHOULD implement and support USB Type-C standards.

If device implementations include a USB port supporting host mode and the USB audio class, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST support the USB HID class .
  • [C-2-2] MUST support the detection and mapping of the following HID data fields specified in the USB HID Usage Tables and the Voice Command Usage Request to the KeyEvent constants as below:
    • Usage Page (0xC) Usage ID (0x0CD): KEYCODE_MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE
    • Usage Page (0xC) Usage ID (0x0E9): KEYCODE_VOLUME_UP
    • Usage Page (0xC) Usage ID (0x0EA): KEYCODE_VOLUME_DOWN
    • Usage Page (0xC) Usage ID (0x0CF): KEYCODE_VOICE_ASSIST

If device implementations include a USB port supporting host mode and the Storage Access Framework (SAF), they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST recognize any remotely connected MTP (Media Transfer Protocol) devices and make their contents accessible through the ACTION_GET_CONTENT , ACTION_OPEN_DOCUMENT , and ACTION_CREATE_DOCUMENT intents.

If device implementations include a USB port supporting host mode and USB Type-C, they:

  • [C-4-1] MUST implement Dual Role Port functionality as defined by the USB Type-C specification (section 4.5.1.3.3).
  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support DisplayPort, SHOULD support USB SuperSpeed Data Rates, and are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support Power Delivery for data and power role swapping.
  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to NOT support Audio Adapter Accessory Mode as described in the Appendix A of the USB Type-C Cable and Connector Specification Revision 1.2 .
  • SHOULD implement the Try.* model that is most appropriate for the device form factor. For example a handheld device SHOULD implement the Try.SNK model.

7.8. Audio

7.8.1. Microfono

If device implementations include a microphone, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST report the android.hardware.microphone feature constant.
  • [C-1-2] MUST meet the audio recording requirements in section 5.4 .
  • [C-1-3] MUST meet the audio latency requirements in section 5.6 .
  • [SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support near-ultrasound recording as described in section 7.8.3 .

If device implementations omit a microphone, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST NOT report the android.hardware.microphone feature constant.
  • [C-2-2] MUST implement the audio recording API at least as no-ops, per section 7 .

7.8.2. Uscita audio

If device implementations include a speaker or an audio/multimedia output port for an audio output peripheral such as a 4 conductor 3.5mm audio jack or USB host mode port using USB audio class , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST report the android.hardware.audio.output feature constant.
  • [C-1-2] MUST meet the audio playback requirements in section 5.5 .
  • [C-1-3] MUST meet the audio latency requirements in section 5.6 .
  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support near-ultrasound playback as described in section 7.8.3 .

If device implementations do not include a speaker or audio output port, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST NOT report the android.hardware.audio.output feature.
  • [C-2-2] MUST implement the Audio Output related APIs as no-ops at least.

For the purposes of this section, an "output port" is a physical interface such as a 3.5mm audio jack, HDMI, or USB host mode port with USB audio class. Support for audio output over radio-based protocols such as Bluetooth, WiFi, or cellular network does not qualify as including an "output port".

7.8.2.1. Porte audio analogiche

In order to be compatible with the headsets and other audio accessories using the 3.5mm audio plug across the Android ecosystem, if device implementations include one or more analog audio ports, they:

  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to include at least one of the audio port(s) to be a 4 conductor 3.5mm audio jack.

If device implementations have a 4 conductor 3.5mm audio jack, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support audio playback to stereo headphones and stereo headsets with a microphone.
  • [C-1-2] MUST support TRRS audio plugs with the CTIA pin-out order.
  • [C-1-3] MUST support the detection and mapping to the keycodes for the following 3 ranges of equivalent impedance between the microphone and ground conductors on the audio plug:
    • 70 ohm or less : KEYCODE_HEADSETHOOK
    • 210-290 ohm : KEYCODE_VOLUME_UP
    • 360-680 ohm : KEYCODE_VOLUME_DOWN
  • [C-1-4] MUST trigger ACTION_HEADSET_PLUG upon a plug insert, but only after all contacts on plug are touching their relevant segments on the jack.
  • [C-1-5] MUST be capable of driving at least 150mV ± 10% of output voltage on a 32 ohm speaker impedance.
  • [C-1-6] MUST have a microphone bias voltage between 1.8V ~ 2.9V.
  • [C-1-7] MUST detect and map to the keycode for the following range of equivalent impedance between the microphone and ground conductors on the audio plug:
    • 110-180 ohm: KEYCODE_VOICE_ASSIST
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support audio plugs with the OMTP pin-out order.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support audio recording from stereo headsets with a microphone.

If device implementations have a 4 conductor 3.5mm audio jack and support a microphone, and broadcast the android.intent.action.HEADSET_PLUG with the extra value microphone set as 1, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST support the detection of microphone on the plugged in audio accessory.
7.8.2.2. Digital Audio Ports

In order to be compatible with the headsets and other audio accessories using USB-C connectors and implementing (USB audio class) across the Android ecosystem as defined in Android USB headset specification .

See Section 2.2.1 for device-specific requirements.

7.8.3. Quasi-ultrasuoni

Near-Ultrasound audio is the 18.5 kHz to 20 kHz band.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

If PROPERTY_SUPPORT_MIC_NEAR_ULTRASOUND is "true", the following requirements MUST be met by the VOICE_RECOGNITION and UNPROCESSED audio sources:

  • [C-1-1] The microphone's mean power response in the 18.5 kHz to 20 kHz band MUST be no more than 15 dB below the response at 2 kHz.
  • [C-1-2] The microphone's unweighted signal to noise ratio over 18.5 kHz to 20 kHz for a 19 kHz tone at -26 dBFS MUST be no lower than 50 dB.

If PROPERTY_SUPPORT_SPEAKER_NEAR_ULTRASOUND is "true":

  • [C-2-1] The speaker's mean response in 18.5 kHz - 20 kHz MUST be no lower than 40 dB below the response at 2 kHz.

7.8.4. Signal Integrity

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • SHOULD provide a glitch-free audio signal path for both input and output streams on handheld devices, as defined by zero glitches measured during a test of one minute per path. Test using [OboeTester] (https://github.com/google/oboe/tree/master/apps/OboeTester) “Automated Glitch Test”.

The test requires an audio loopback dongle , used directly in a 3.5mm jack, and/or in combination with a USB-C to 3.5mm adapter. All audio output ports SHOULD be tested.

OboeTester currently supports AAudio paths, so the following combinations SHOULD be tested for glitches using AAudio:

Perf Mode Condivisione Out Sample Rate In Chans Out Chans
BASSA LATENZA ESCLUSIVO UNSPECIFIED 1 2
BASSA LATENZA ESCLUSIVO UNSPECIFIED 2 1
BASSA LATENZA CONDIVISO UNSPECIFIED 1 2
BASSA LATENZA CONDIVISO UNSPECIFIED 2 1
NESSUNO CONDIVISO 48000 1 2
NESSUNO CONDIVISO 48000 2 1
NESSUNO CONDIVISO 44100 1 2
NESSUNO CONDIVISO 44100 2 1
NESSUNO CONDIVISO 16000 1 2
NESSUNO CONDIVISO 16000 2 1

A reliable stream SHOULD meet the following criteria for Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) for 2000 Hz sine.

Transducer Thd SNR
primary built-in speaker, measured using an external reference microphone < 3.0% >= 50 dB
primary built-in microphone, measured using an external reference speaker < 3.0% >= 50 dB
built-in analog 3.5 mm jacks, tested using loopback adapter < 1% >= 60 dB
USB adapters supplied with the phone, tested using loopback adapter < 1.0% >= 60 dB

7.9. Realta virtuale

Android includes APIs and facilities to build "Virtual Reality" (VR) applications including high quality mobile VR experiences. Device implementations MUST properly implement these APIs and behaviors, as detailed in this section.

7.9.1. Virtual Reality Mode

Android includes support for VR Mode , a feature which handles stereoscopic rendering of notifications and disables monocular system UI components while a VR application has user focus.

7.9.2. Virtual Reality Mode - High Performance

If device implementations support VR mode, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST have at least 2 physical cores.
  • [C-1-2] MUST declare the android.hardware.vr.high_performance feature.
  • [C-1-3] MUST support sustained performance mode.
  • [C-1-4] MUST support OpenGL ES 3.2.
  • [C-1-5] MUST support android.hardware.vulkan.level 0.
  • SHOULD support android.hardware.vulkan.level 1 or higher.
  • [C-1-6] MUST implement EGL_KHR_mutable_render_buffer , EGL_ANDROID_front_buffer_auto_refresh , EGL_ANDROID_get_native_client_buffer , EGL_KHR_fence_sync , EGL_KHR_wait_sync , EGL_IMG_context_priority , EGL_EXT_protected_content , EGL_EXT_image_gl_colorspace , and expose the extensions in the list of available EGL extensions.
  • [C-1-8] MUST implement GL_EXT_multisampled_render_to_texture2 , GL_OVR_multiview , GL_OVR_multiview2 , GL_OVR_multiview_multisampled_render_to_texture , GL_EXT_protected_textures , and expose the extensions in the list of available GL extensions.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to implement GL_EXT_external_buffer , GL_EXT_EGL_image_array , and expose the extensions in the list of available GL extensions.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support Vulkan 1.1.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to implement VK_ANDROID_external_memory_android_hardware_buffer , VK_GOOGLE_display_timing , VK_KHR_shared_presentable_image , and expose it in the list of available Vulkan extensions.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to expose at least one Vulkan queue family where flags contain both VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT and VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT , and queueCount is at least 2.
  • [C-1-7] The GPU and display MUST be able to synchronize access to the shared front buffer such that alternating-eye rendering of VR content at 60fps with two render contexts will be displayed with no visible tearing artifacts.
  • [C-1-9] MUST implement support for AHardwareBuffer flags AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_GPU_DATA_BUFFER , AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_SENSOR_DIRECT_DATA and AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_PROTECTED_CONTENT as described in the NDK.
  • [C-1-10] MUST implement support for AHardwareBuffer s with any combination of the usage flags AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_GPU_COLOR_OUTPUT , AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_GPU_SAMPLED_IMAGE , AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_PROTECTED_CONTENT for at least the following formats: AHARDWAREBUFFER_FORMAT_R5G6B5_UNORM , AHARDWAREBUFFER_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM , AHARDWAREBUFFER_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM , AHARDWAREBUFFER_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT .
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support the allocation of AHardwareBuffer s with more than one layer and flags and formats specified in C-1-10.
  • [C-1-11] MUST support H.264 decoding at least 3840 x 2160 at 30fps, compressed to an average of 40Mbps (equivalent to 4 instances of 1920 x1080 at 30 fps-10 Mbps or 2 instances of 1920 x 1080 at 60 fps-20 Mbps).
  • [C-1-12] MUST support HEVC and VP9, MUST be capable of decoding at least 1920 x 1080 at 30 fps compressed to an average of 10 Mbps and SHOULD be capable of decoding 3840 x 2160 at 30 fps-20 Mbps (equivalent to 4 instances of 1920 x 1080 at 30 fps-5 Mbps).
  • [C-1-13] MUST support HardwarePropertiesManager.getDeviceTemperatures API and return accurate values for skin temperature.
  • [C-1-14] MUST have an embedded screen, and its resolution MUST be at least 1920 x 1080.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to have a display resolution of at least 2560 x 1440.
  • [C-1-15] The display MUST update at least 60 Hz while in VR Mode.
  • [C-1-17] The display MUST support a low-persistence mode with ≤ 5 milliseconds persistence, persistence being defined as the amount of time for which a pixel is emitting light.
  • [C-1-18] MUST support Bluetooth 4.2 and Bluetooth LE Data Length Extension section 7.4.3 .
  • [C-1-19] MUST support and properly report Direct Channel Type for all of the following default sensor types:
    • TYPE_ACCELEROMETER
    • TYPE_ACCELEROMETER_UNCALIBRATED
    • TYPE_GYROSCOPE
    • TYPE_GYROSCOPE_UNCALIBRATED
    • TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD
    • TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD_UNCALIBRATED
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support the TYPE_HARDWARE_BUFFER direct channel type for all Direct Channel Types listed above.
  • [C-1-21] MUST meet the gyroscope, accelerometer, and magnetometer related requirements for android.hardware.hifi_sensors , as specified in section 7.3.9 .
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support the android.hardware.sensor.hifi_sensors feature.
  • [C-1-22] MUST have end-to-end motion to photon latency not higher than 28 milliseconds.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to have end-to-end motion to photon latency not higher than 20 milliseconds.
  • [C-1-23] MUST have first-frame ratio, which is the ratio between the brightness of pixels on the first frame after a transition from black to white and the brightness of white pixels in steady state, of at least 85%.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to have first-frame ratio of at least 90%.
  • MAY provide an exclusive core to the foreground application and MAY support the Process.getExclusiveCores API to return the numbers of the cpu cores that are exclusive to the top foreground application.

If exclusive core is supported, then the core:

  • [C-2-1] MUST not allow any other userspace processes to run on it (except device drivers used by the application), but MAY allow some kernel processes to run as necessary.

8. Prestazioni e potenza

Some minimum performance and power criteria are critical to the user experience and impact the baseline assumptions developers would have when developing an app.

8.1. Coerenza dell'esperienza utente

A smooth user interface can be provided to the end user if there are certain minimum requirements to ensure a consistent frame rate and response times for applications and games. Device implementations, depending on the device type, MAY have measurable requirements for the user interface latency and task switching as described in section 2 .

8.2. Prestazioni di accesso I/O ai file

Providing a common baseline for a consistent file access performance on the application private data storage ( /data partition) allows app developers to set a proper expectation that would help their software design. Device implementations, depending on the device type, MAY have certain requirements described in section 2 for the following read and write operations:

  • Sequential write performance . Measured by writing a 256MB file using 10MB write buffer.
  • Random write performance . Measured by writing a 256MB file using 4KB write buffer.
  • Sequential read performance . Measured by reading a 256MB file using 10MB write buffer.
  • Random read performance . Measured by reading a 256MB file using 4KB write buffer.

8.3. Modalità di risparmio energetico

If device implementations include features to improve device power management that are included in AOSP or extend the features that are included in AOSP, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST NOT deviate from the AOSP implementation for the triggering, maintenance, wakeup algorithms and the use of global system settings of App Standby and Doze power-saving modes.
  • [C-1-2] MUST NOT deviate from the AOSP implementation for the use of global settings to manage the throttling of jobs, alarm and network for apps in each bucket for App standby.
  • [C-1-3] MUST NOT deviate from the AOSP implementation for the number of the App Standby Buckets used for App Standby.
  • [C-1-4] MUST implement App Standby Buckets and Doze as described in Power Management .
  • [C-1-5] MUST return true for PowerManager.isPowerSaveMode() when the device is on power save mode.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to provide user affordance to enable and disable the battery saver feature.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to provide user affordance to display all Apps that are exempted from App Standby and Doze power-saving modes.

In addition to the power-saving modes, Android device implementations MAY implement any or all of the 4 sleeping power states as defined by the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI).

If device implementations implement S4 power states as defined by the ACPI, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST enter this state only after the user has taken an explicit action to put the device in an inactive state (eg by closing a lid that is physically part of the device or turning off a vehicle or television) and before the user re-activates the device (eg by opening the lid or turning the vehicle or television back on).

If device implementations implement S3 power states as defined by the ACPI, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST meet C-1-1 above, or, MUST enter S3 state only when third-party applications do not need the system resources (eg the screen, CPU).

    Conversely, MUST exit from S3 state when third-party applications need the system resources, as described on this SDK.

    For example, while the third-party applications request to keep the screen on through FLAG_KEEP_SCREEN_ON or keep CPU running through PARTIAL_WAKE_LOCK , the device MUST NOT enter S3 state unless, as described in C-1-1, the user has taken explicit action to put the device in an inactive state. Conversely, at a time when a task that third-party apps implement through JobScheduler is triggered or Firebase Cloud Messaging is delivered to third-party apps, the device MUST exit the S3 state unless the user has put the device in an inactive state. These are not comprehensive examples and AOSP implements extensive wake-up signals that trigger a wakeup from this state.

8.4. Contabilità del consumo energetico

A more accurate accounting and reporting of the power consumption provides the app developer both the incentives and the tools to optimize the power usage pattern of the application.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to provide a per-component power profile that defines the current consumption value for each hardware component and the approximate battery drain caused by the components over time as documented in the Android Open Source Project site.
  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to report all power consumption values in milliampere hours (mAh).
  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to report CPU power consumption per each process's UID. Il progetto Android Open Source soddisfa i requisiti attraverso l'implementazione del modulo kernel uid_cputime .
  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to make this power usage available via the adb shell dumpsys batterystats shell command to the app developer.
  • DOVREBBE essere attribuito al componente hardware stesso se non è possibile attribuire il consumo energetico del componente hardware a un'applicazione.

8.5. Consistent Performance

Performance can fluctuate dramatically for high-performance long-running apps, either because of the other apps running in the background or the CPU throttling due to temperature limits. Android includes programmatic interfaces so that when the device is capable, the top foreground application can request that the system optimize the allocation of the resources to address such fluctuations.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

If device implementations report support of Sustained Performance Mode, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST provide the top foreground application a consistent level of performance for at least 30 minutes, when the app requests it.
  • [C-1-2] MUST honor the Window.setSustainedPerformanceMode() API and other related APIs.

If device implementations include two or more CPU cores, they:

  • SHOULD provide at least one exclusive core that can be reserved by the top foreground application.

If device implementations support reserving one exclusive core for the top foreground application, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST report through the Process.getExclusiveCores() API method the ID numbers of the exclusive cores that can be reserved by the top foreground application.
  • [C-2-2] MUST not allow any user space processes except the device drivers used by the application to run on the exclusive cores, but MAY allow some kernel processes to run as necessary.

If device implementations do not support an exclusive core, they:

9. Compatibilità del modello di sicurezza

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST implement a security model consistent with the Android platform security model as defined in Security and Permissions reference document in the APIs in the Android developer documentation.

  • [C-0-2] MUST support installation of self-signed applications without requiring any additional permissions/certificates from any third parties/authorities. Specifically, compatible devices MUST support the security mechanisms described in the following subsections.

9.1. Autorizzazioni

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST support the Android permissions model as defined in the Android developer documentation. Specifically, they MUST enforce each permission defined as described in the SDK documentation; no permissions may be omitted, altered, or ignored.

  • MAY add additional permissions, provided the new permission ID strings are not in the android.\* namespace.

  • [C-0-2] Permissions with a protectionLevel of PROTECTION_FLAG_PRIVILEGED MUST only be granted to apps preinstalled in the privileged path(s) of the system image and within the subset of the explicitly allowlisted permissions for each app. The AOSP implementation meets this requirement by reading and honoring the allowlisted permissions for each app from the files in the etc/permissions/ path and using the system/priv-app path as the privileged path.

Permissions with a protection level of dangerous are runtime permissions. Applications with targetSdkVersion > 22 request them at runtime.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-3] MUST show a dedicated interface for the user to decide whether to grant the requested runtime permissions and also provide an interface for the user to manage runtime permissions.
  • [C-0-4] MUST have one and only one implementation of both user interfaces.
  • [C-0-5] MUST NOT grant any runtime permissions to preinstalled apps unless:
    • The user's consent can be obtained before the application uses it.
    • The runtime permissions are associated with an intent pattern for which the preinstalled application is set as the default handler.
  • [C-0-6] MUST grant the android.permission.RECOVER_KEYSTORE permission only to system apps that register a properly secured Recovery Agent. A properly secured Recovery Agent is defined as an on-device software agent that synchronizes with an off-device remote storage, that is equipped with secure hardware with protection equivalent or stronger than what is described in Google Cloud Key Vault Service to prevent brute-force attacks on the lockscreen knowledge factor.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-7] MUST adhere to Android location permission properties when an app requests the location or physical activity data through standard Android API or proprietary mechanism. Such data includes but not limited to:

    • Device's location (eg latitude and longitude).
    • Information that can be used to determine or estimate the device's location (eg SSID, BSSID, Cell ID, Bluetooth scans, or location of the network that the device is connected to).
    • User's physical activity or classification of the physical activity.

More specifically, device implementations:

  • [C-0-8] MUST obtain user consent to allow an app to access the location or physical activity data.
  • [C-0-9] MUST grant a runtime permission ONLY to the app that holds sufficient permission as described on SDK. For example, TelephonyManager#getServiceState requires android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION ).

Permissions can be marked as restricted altering their behavior.

  • [C-0-10] Permissions marked with the flag hardRestricted MUST NOT be granted to an app unless:

    • An app APK file is in the system partition.
    • The user assigns a role that is associated with the hardRestricted permissions to an app.
    • The installer grants the hardRestricted to an app.
    • An app is granted the hardRestricted on an earlier Android version.
  • [C-0-11] Apps holding a softRestricted permission MUST get only limited access and MUST NOT gain full access until added to an allowlist as described in the SDK, where full and limited access is defined for each softRestricted permission (for example, WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE and READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE ).

If device implementations include a pre-installed app or wish to allow third-party apps to access the usage statistics, they:

  • [SR] are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED provide user-accessible mechanism to grant or revoke access to the usage stats in response to the android.settings.ACTION_USAGE_ACCESS_SETTINGS intent for apps that declare the android.permission.PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS permission.

If device implementations intend to disallow any apps, including pre-installed apps, from accessing the usage statistics, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST still have an activity that handles the android.settings.ACTION_USAGE_ACCESS_SETTINGS intent pattern but MUST implement it as a no-op, that is to have an equivalent behavior as when the user is declined for access.

9.2. UID e isolamento del processo

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST support the Android application sandbox model, in which each application runs as a unique Unixstyle UID and in a separate process.
  • [C-0-2] MUST support running multiple applications as the same Linux user ID, provided that the applications are properly signed and constructed, as defined in the Security and Permissions reference .

9.3. Autorizzazioni del file system

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

9.4. Ambienti di esecuzione alternativi

Device implementations MUST keep consistency of the Android security and permission model, even if they include runtime environments that execute applications using some other software or technology than the Dalvik Executable Format or native code. In altre parole:

  • [C-0-1] Alternate runtimes MUST themselves be Android applications, and abide by the standard Android security model, as described elsewhere in section 9 .

  • [C-0-2] Alternate runtimes MUST NOT be granted access to resources protected by permissions not requested in the runtime's AndroidManifest.xml file via the < uses-permission > mechanism.

  • [C-0-3] Alternate runtimes MUST NOT permit applications to make use of features protected by Android permissions restricted to system applications.

  • [C-0-4] Alternate runtimes MUST abide by the Android sandbox model and installed applications using an alternate runtime MUST NOT reuse the sandbox of any other app installed on the device, except through the standard Android mechanisms of shared user ID and signing certificate .

  • [C-0-5] Alternate runtimes MUST NOT launch with, grant, or be granted access to the sandboxes corresponding to other Android applications.

  • [C-0-6] Alternate runtimes MUST NOT be launched with, be granted, or grant to other applications any privileges of the superuser (root), or of any other user ID.

  • [C-0-7] When the .apk files of alternate runtimes are included in the system image of device implementations, it MUST be signed with a key distinct from the key used to sign other applications included with the device implementations.

  • [C-0-8] When installing applications, alternate runtimes MUST obtain user consent for the Android permissions used by the application.

  • [C-0-9] When an application needs to make use of a device resource for which there is a corresponding Android permission (such as Camera, GPS, etc.), the alternate runtime MUST inform the user that the application will be able to access that resource.

  • [C-0-10] When the runtime environment does not record application capabilities in this manner, the runtime environment MUST list all permissions held by the runtime itself when installing any application using that runtime.

  • Alternate runtimes SHOULD install apps via the PackageManager into separate Android sandboxes (Linux user IDs, etc.).

  • Alternate runtimes MAY provide a single Android sandbox shared by all applications using the alternate runtime.

9.5. Supporto multiutente

Android includes support for multiple users and provides support for full user isolation.

  • Device implementations MAY but SHOULD NOT enable multi-user if they use removable media for primary external storage.

If device implementations include multiple users, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST meet the following requirements related to multi-user support .
  • [C-1-2] MUST, for each user, implement a security model consistent with the Android platform security model as defined in Security and Permissions reference document in the APIs.
  • [C-1-3] MUST have separate and isolated shared application storage (aka /sdcard ) directories for each user instance.
  • [C-1-4] MUST ensure that applications owned by and running on behalf a given user cannot list, read, or write to the files owned by any other user, even if the data of both users are stored on the same volume or filesystem.
  • [C-1-5] MUST encrypt the contents of the SD card when multiuser is enabled using a key stored only on non-removable media accessible only to the system if device implementations use removable media for the external storage APIs. As this will make the media unreadable by a host PC, device implementations will be required to switch to MTP or a similar system to provide host PCs with access to the current user's data.

9.6. Avviso SMS premium

Android includes support for warning users of any outgoing premium SMS message . Premium SMS messages are text messages sent to a service registered with a carrier that may incur a charge to the user.

If device implementations declare support for android.hardware.telephony , they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST warn users before sending a SMS message to numbers identified by regular expressions defined in /data/misc/sms/codes.xml file in the device. The upstream Android Open Source Project provides an implementation that satisfies this requirement.

9.7. Caratteristiche di sicurezza

Device implementations MUST ensure compliance with security features in both the kernel and platform as described below.

The Android Sandbox includes features that use the Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) mandatory access control (MAC) system, seccomp sandboxing, and other security features in the Linux kernel. Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST maintain compatibility with existing applications, even when SELinux or any other security features are implemented below the Android framework.
  • [C-0-2] MUST NOT have a visible user interface when a security violation is detected and successfully blocked by the security feature implemented below the Android framework, but MAY have a visible user interface when an unblocked security violation occurs resulting in a successful impresa.
  • [C-0-3] MUST NOT make SELinux or any other security features implemented below the Android framework configurable to the user or app developer.
  • [C-0-4] MUST NOT allow an application that can affect another application through an API (such as a Device Administration API) to configure a policy that breaks compatibility.
  • [C-0-5] MUST split the media framework into multiple processes so that it is possible to more narrowly grant access for each process as described in the Android Open Source Project site.
  • [C-0-6] MUST implement a kernel application sandboxing mechanism which allows filtering of system calls using a configurable policy from multithreaded programs. The upstream Android Open Source Project meets this requirement through enabling the seccomp-BPF with threadgroup synchronization (TSYNC) as described in the Kernel Configuration section of source.android.com .

Kernel integrity and self-protection features are integral to Android security. Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-7] MUST implement kernel stack buffer overflow protection mechanisms. Examples of such mechanisms are CC_STACKPROTECTOR_REGULAR and CONFIG_CC_STACKPROTECTOR_STRONG .
  • [C-0-8] MUST implement strict kernel memory protections where executable code is read-only, read-only data is non-executable and non-writable, and writable data is non-executable (eg CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA or CONFIG_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX ).
  • [C-0-9] MUST implement static and dynamic object size bounds checking of copies between user-space and kernel-space (eg CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY ) on devices originally shipping with API level 28 or higher.
  • [C-0-10] MUST NOT execute user-space memory when executing in the kernel mode (eg hardware PXN, or emulated via CONFIG_CPU_SW_DOMAIN_PAN or CONFIG_ARM64_SW_TTBR0_PAN ) on devices originally shipping with API level 28 or higher.
  • [C-0-11] MUST NOT read or write user-space memory in the kernel outside of normal usercopy access APIs (eg hardware PAN, or emulated via CONFIG_CPU_SW_DOMAIN_PAN or CONFIG_ARM64_SW_TTBR0_PAN ) on devices originally shipping with API level 28 or higher.
  • [C-0-12] MUST implement kernel page table isolation if the hardware is vulnerable to CVE-2017-5754 on all devices originally shipping with API level 28 or higher (eg CONFIG_PAGE_TABLE_ISOLATION or CONFIG_UNMAP_KERNEL_AT_EL0 ).
  • [C-0-13] MUST implement branch prediction hardening if the hardware is vulnerable to CVE-2017-5715 on all devices originally shipping with API level 28 or higher (eg CONFIG_HARDEN_BRANCH_PREDICTOR ).
  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to keep kernel data which is written only during initialization marked read-only after initialization (eg __ro_after_init ).
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to randomize the layout of the kernel code and memory, and to avoid exposures that would compromise the randomization (eg CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE with bootloader entropy via the /chosen/kaslr-seed Device Tree node or EFI_RNG_PROTOCOL ).

  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to enable control flow integrity (CFI) in the kernel to provide additional protection against code-reuse attacks (eg CONFIG_CFI_CLANG and CONFIG_SHADOW_CALL_STACK ).

  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED not to disable Control-Flow Integrity (CFI), Shadow Call Stack (SCS) or Integer Overflow Sanitization (IntSan) on components that have it enabled.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to enable CFI, SCS, and IntSan for any additional security-sensitive userspace components as explained in CFI and IntSan .

If device implementations use a Linux kernel, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST implement SELinux.
  • [C-1-2] MUST set SELinux to global enforcing mode.
  • [C-1-3] MUST configure all domains in enforcing mode. No permissive mode domains are allowed, including domains specific to a device/vendor.
  • [C-1-4] MUST NOT modify, omit, or replace the neverallow rules present within the system/sepolicy folder provided in the upstream Android Open Source Project (AOSP) and the policy MUST compile with all neverallow rules present, for both AOSP SELinux domains as well as device/vendor specific domains.
  • [C-1-5] MUST run third-party applications targeting API level 28 or higher in per-application SELinux sandboxes with per-app SELinux restrictions on each application's private data directory.
  • SHOULD retain the default SELinux policy provided in the system/sepolicy folder of the upstream Android Open Source Project and only further add to this policy for their own device-specific configuration.

If device implementations use kernel other than Linux, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST use a mandatory access control system that is equivalent to SELinux.

Android contains multiple defense-in-depth features that are integral to device security.

9.8. Privacy

9.8.1. Usage History

Android stores the history of the user's choices and manages such history by UsageStatsManager .

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST keep a reasonable retention period of such user history.
  • [SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to keep the 14 days retention period as configured by default in the AOSP implementation.

Android stores the system events using the StatsLog identifiers, and manages such history via the StatsManager and the IncidentManager System API.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-2] MUST only include the fields marked with DEST_AUTOMATIC in the incident report created by the System API class IncidentManager .
  • [C-0-3] MUST not use the system event identifiers to log any other event than what is described in the StatsLog SDK documents. If additional system events are logged, they MAY use a different atom identifier in the range between 100,000 and 200,000.

9.8.2. Registrazione

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST NOT preload or distribute software components out-of-box that send the user's private information (eg keystrokes, text displayed on the screen, bugreport) off the device without the user's consent or clear ongoing notifications.
  • [C-0-2] MUST display and obtain explicit user consent that includes substantially the same message as AOSP whenever screen casting or screen recording is enabled via MediaProjection or proprietary APIs. MUST NOT provide users an affordance to disable future display of the user consent.

  • [C-0-3] MUST have an ongoing notification to the user while screen casting or screen recording is enabled. AOSP meets this requirement by showing an ongoing notification icon in the status bar.

If device implementations include functionality in the system that either captures the contents displayed on the screen and/or records the audio stream played on the device other than via the System API ContentCaptureService , or other proprietary means described in Section 9.8.6 Content Capture , they :

  • [C-1-1] MUST have an ongoing notification to the user whenever this functionality is enabled and actively capturing/recording.

If device implementations include a component enabled out-of-box, capable of recording ambient audio and/or record the audio played on the device to infer useful information about user's context, they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST NOT store in persistent on-device storage or transmit off the device the recorded raw audio or any format that can be converted back into the original audio or a near facsimile, except with explicit user consent.

9.8.3. Connettività

If device implementations have a USB port with USB peripheral mode support, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST present a user interface asking for the user's consent before allowing access to the contents of the shared storage over the USB port.

9.8.4. Traffico di rete

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST preinstall the same root certificates for the system-trusted Certificate Authority (CA) store as provided in the upstream Android Open Source Project.
  • [C-0-2] MUST ship with an empty user root CA store.
  • [C-0-3] MUST display a warning to the user indicating the network traffic may be monitored, when a user root CA is added.

If device traffic is routed through a VPN, device implementations:

  • [C-1-1] MUST display a warning to the user indicating either:
    • That network traffic may be monitored.
    • That network traffic is being routed through the specific VPN application providing the VPN.

If device implementations have a mechanism, enabled out-of-box by default, that routes network data traffic through a proxy server or VPN gateway (for example, preloading a VPN service with android.permission.CONTROL_VPN granted), they:

  • [C-2-1] MUST ask for the user's consent before enabling that mechanism, unless that VPN is enabled by the Device Policy Controller via the DevicePolicyManager.setAlwaysOnVpnPackage() , in which case the user does not need to provide a separate consent, but MUST only be notified.

If device implementations implement a user affordance to toggle on the "always-on VPN" function of a 3rd-party VPN app, they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST disable this user affordance for apps that do not support always-on VPN service in the AndroidManifest.xml file via setting the SERVICE_META_DATA_SUPPORTS_ALWAYS_ON attribute to false .

9.8.5. Device Identifiers

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST prevent access to the device serial number and, where applicable, IMEI/MEID, SIM serial number, and International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) from an app, unless it meets one of the following requirements:
    • is a signed carrier app that is verified by device manufacturers.
    • has been granted the READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE permission.
    • has carrier privileges as defined in UICC Carrier Privileges .
    • is a device owner or profile owner that has been granted the READ_PHONE_STATE permission.
    • (For SIM serial number/ICCID only) has the local regulations requirement that the app detect changes in the subscriber's identity.

9.8.6. Acquisizione dei contenuti

Android, through the System API ContentCaptureService , or by other proprietary means, supports a mechanism for device implementations to capture the following interactions between the applications and the user.

  • Text and graphics rendered on-screen, including but not limited to, notifications and assist data via AssistStructure API.
  • Media data, such as audio or video, recorded or played by the device.
  • Input events (eg key, mouse, gesture, voice, video, and accessibility).
  • Any other events that an application provides to the system via the Content Capture API or a similarly capable, proprietary API.

If device implementations capture the data above, they:

  • [C-0-1] MUST encrypt all such data when stored in the device. This encryption MAY be carried out using Android File Based Encryption, or any of the ciphers listed as API version 26+ described in Cipher SDK .
  • [C-0-2] MUST NOT back up either raw or encrypted data using Android backup methods or any other back up methods.
  • [C-0-3] MUST only send all such data and the log of the device using a privacy-preserving mechanism. The privacy-preserving mechanism is defined as “those which allow only analysis in aggregate and prevent matching of logged events or derived outcomes to individual users”, to prevent any per-user data being introspectable (eg, implemented using a differential privacy technology such as RAPPOR ).
  • [C-0-4] MUST NOT associate such data with any user identity (such as Account ) on the device, except with explicit user consent each time the data is associated.
  • [C-0-5] MUST NOT share such data with other apps, except with explicit user consent every time it is shared.
  • [C-0-6] MUST provide user affordance to erase such data that the ContentCaptureService or the proprietary means collects if the data is stored in any form on the device.

If device implementations include a service that implements the System API ContentCaptureService , or any proprietary service that captures the data as described as above, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST NOT allow users to replace the content capture service with a user-installable application or service and MUST only allow the preinstalled service to capture such data.
  • [C-1-2] MUST NOT allow any apps other than the preinstalled content capture service mechanism to be able to capture such data.
  • [C-1-3] MUST provide user affordance to disable the content capture service.
  • [C-1-4] MUST NOT omit user affordance to manage Android permissions that are held by the content capture service and follow Android permissions model as described in Section 9.1. Autorizzazione .
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to keep the content capturing service components separate, for example, not binding the service or sharing process IDs, from other system components except for the following:

    • Telephony, Contacts, System UI, and Media

9.8.7. Clipboard Access

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST NOT return a clipped data on the clipboard (eg via the ClipboardManager API) unless the app is the default IME or is the app that currently has focus.

9.8.8. Posizione

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST NOT turn on/off device location setting and Wi-Fi/Bluetooth scanning settings without explicit user consent or user initiation.
  • [C-0-2] MUST provide the user affordance to access location related information including recent location requests, app level permissions and usage of Wi-Fi/Bluetooth scanning for determining location.
  • [C-0-3] MUST ensure that the application using Emergency Location Bypass API [LocationRequest.setLocationSettingsIgnored()] is a user initiated emergency session (eg dial 911 or text to 911).
  • [C-0-4] MUST preserve the Emergency Location Bypass API's ability to bypass device location settings without changing the settings.
  • [C-0-5] MUST schedule a notification that reminds the user after an app in the background has accessed their location using the [ ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION ] permission.

9.9. Data Storage Encryption

All devices MUST meet the requirements of section 9.9.1. Devices which launched on an API level earlier than that of this document are exempted from the requirements of sections 9.9.2 and 9.9.3; instead they MUST meet the requirements in section 9.9 of the Android Compatibility Definition document corresponding to the API level on which the device launched.

9.9.1. Direct Boot

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST implement the Direct Boot mode APIs even if they do not support Storage Encryption.

  • [C-0-2] The ACTION_LOCKED_BOOT_COMPLETED and ACTION_USER_UNLOCKED Intents MUST still be broadcast to signal Direct Boot aware applications that Device Encrypted (DE) and Credential Encrypted (CE) storage locations are available for user.

9.9.2. Encryption requirements

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST encrypt the application private data ( /data partition), as well as the application shared storage partition ( /sdcard partition) if it is a permanent, non-removable part of the device.
  • [C-0-2] MUST enable the data storage encryption by default at the time the user has completed the out-of-box setup experience.
  • [C-0-3] MUST meet the above data storage encryption requirement via implementing File Based Encryption (FBE).

9.9.3. File Based Encryption

Encrypted devices:

  • [C-1-1] MUST boot up without challenging the user for credentials and allow Direct Boot aware apps to access to the Device Encrypted (DE) storage after the ACTION_LOCKED_BOOT_COMPLETED message is broadcasted.
  • [C-1-2] MUST only allow access to Credential Encrypted (CE) storage after the user has unlocked the device by supplying their credentials (eg. passcode, pin, pattern or fingerprint) and the ACTION_USER_UNLOCKED message is broadcasted.
  • [C-1-3] MUST NOT offer any method to unlock the CE protected storage without either the user-supplied credentials or a registered escrow key.
  • [C-1-4] MUST use Verified Boot and ensure that DE keys are cryptographically bound to the device's hardware root of trust.
  • [C-1-5] MUST encrypt file contents using AES-256-XTS or Adiantum. AES-256-XTS refers to the Advanced Encryption Standard with a 256-bit cipher key length, operated in XTS mode; the full length of the key is 512 bits. Adiantum refers to Adiantum-XChaCha12-AES, as specified at https://github.com/google/adiantum.
  • [C-1-6] MUST encrypt file names using AES-256-CBC-CTS or Adiantum.
  • [C-1-12] MUST use AES-256-XTS for file contents and AES-256-CBC-CTS for file names (instead of Adiantum) if the device has Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) instructions. AES instructions are ARMv8 Cryptography Extensions on ARM-based devices, or AES-NI on x86-based devices. If the device does not have AES instructions, the device MAY use Adiantum.

  • The keys protecting CE and DE storage areas:

  • [C-1-7] MUST be cryptographically bound to a hardware-backed Keystore.

  • [C-1-8] CE keys MUST be bound to a user's lock screen credentials.
  • [C-1-9] CE keys MUST be bound to a default passcode when the user has not specified lock screen credentials.
  • [C-1-10] MUST be unique and distinct, in other words no user's CE or DE key matches any other user's CE or DE keys.
  • [C-1-11] MUST use the mandatorily supported ciphers, key lengths and modes.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to encrypt file system metadata, such as file sizes, ownership, modes, and Extended attributes (xattrs), with a key cryptographically bound to the device's hardware root of trust.

  • SHOULD make preinstalled essential apps (eg Alarm, Phone, Messenger) Direct Boot aware.

The upstream Android Open Source project provides a preferred implementation of this feature based on the Linux kernel "fscrypt" encryption feature.

9.10. Device Integrity

The following requirements ensure there is transparency to the status of the device integrity. Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST correctly report through the System API method PersistentDataBlockManager.getFlashLockState() whether their bootloader state permits flashing of the system image. The FLASH_LOCK_UNKNOWN state is reserved for device implementations upgrading from an earlier version of Android where this new system API method did not exist.

  • [C-0-2] MUST support Verified Boot for device integrity.

If device implementations are already launched without supporting Verified Boot on an earlier version of Android and can not add support for this feature with a system software update, they MAY be exempted from the requirement.

Verified Boot is a feature that guarantees the integrity of the device software. If device implementations support the feature, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST declare the platform feature flag android.software.verified_boot .
  • [C-1-2] MUST perform verification on every boot sequence.
  • [C-1-3] MUST start verification from an immutable hardware key that is the root of trust and go all the way up to the system partition.
  • [C-1-4] MUST implement each stage of verification to check the integrity and authenticity of all the bytes in the next stage before executing the code in the next stage.
  • [C-1-5] MUST use verification algorithms as strong as current recommendations from NIST for hashing algorithms (SHA-256) and public key sizes (RSA-2048).
  • [C-1-6] MUST NOT allow boot to complete when system verification fails, unless the user consents to attempt booting anyway, in which case the data from any non-verified storage blocks MUST not be used.
  • [C-1-7] MUST NOT allow verified partitions on the device to be modified unless the user has explicitly unlocked the bootloader.
  • [C-SR] If there are multiple discrete chips in the device (eg radio, specialized image processor), the boot process of each of those chips is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to verify every stage upon booting.
  • [C-1-8] MUST use tamper-evident storage: for storing whether the bootloader is unlocked. Tamper-evident storage means that the bootloader can detect if the storage has been tampered with from inside Android.
  • [C-1-9] MUST prompt the user, while using the device, and require physical confirmation before allowing a transition from bootloader locked mode to bootloader unlocked mode.
  • [C-1-10] MUST implement rollback protection for partitions used by Android (eg boot, system partitions) and use tamper-evident storage for storing the metadata used for determining the minimum allowable OS version.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to verify all privileged app APK files with a chain of trust rooted in partitions protected by Verified Boot.
  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to verify any executable artifacts loaded by a privileged app from outside its APK file (such as dynamically loaded code or compiled code) before executing them or STRONGLY RECOMMENDED not to execute them at all.
  • SHOULD implement rollback protection for any component with persistent firmware (eg modem, camera) and SHOULD use tamper-evident storage for storing the metadata used for determining the minimum allowable version.

If device implementations are already launched without supporting C-1-8 through C-1-10 on an earlier version of Android and can not add support for these requirements with a system software update, they MAY be exempted from the requirements.

The upstream Android Open Source Project provides a preferred implementation of this feature in the external/avb/ repository, which can be integrated into the bootloader used for loading Android.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

If device implementations support the Android Protected Confirmation API they:

  • [C-3-1] MUST report true for the ConfirmationPrompt.isSupported() API.

  • [C-3-2] MUST ensure that code running in the Android OS including its kernel, malicious or otherwise, cannot generate a positive response without user interaction.

  • [C-3-3] MUST ensure that the user has been able to review and approve the prompted message even in the event that the Android OS, including its kernel, is compromised.

9.11. Chiavi e credenziali

The Android Keystore System allows app developers to store cryptographic keys in a container and use them in cryptographic operations through the KeyChain API or the Keystore API . Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST allow at least 8,192 keys to be imported or generated.
  • [C-0-2] The lock screen authentication MUST rate-limit attempts and MUST have an exponential backoff algorithm. Beyond 150 failed attempts, the delay MUST be at least 24 hours per attempt.
  • SHOULD not limit the number of keys that can be generated

When the device implementation supports a secure lock screen, it:

  • [C-1-1] MUST back up the keystore implementation with an isolated execution environment.
  • [C-1-2] MUST have implementations of RSA, AES, ECDSA and HMAC cryptographic algorithms and MD5, SHA1, and SHA-2 family hash functions to properly support the Android Keystore system's supported algorithms in an area that is securely isolated from the code running on the kernel and above. Secure isolation MUST block all potential mechanisms by which kernel or userspace code might access the internal state of the isolated environment, including DMA. The upstream Android Open Source Project (AOSP) meets this requirement by using the Trusty implementation, but another ARM TrustZone-based solution or a third-party reviewed secure implementation of a proper hypervisor-based isolation are alternative options.
  • [C-1-3] MUST perform the lock screen authentication in the isolated execution environment and only when successful, allow the authentication-bound keys to be used. Lock screen credentials MUST be stored in a way that allows only the isolated execution environment to perform lock screen authentication. The upstream Android Open Source Project provides the Gatekeeper Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) and Trusty, which can be used to satisfy this requirement.
  • [C-1-4] MUST support key attestation where the attestation signing key is protected by secure hardware and signing is performed in secure hardware. The attestation signing keys MUST be shared across large enough number of devices to prevent the keys from being used as device identifiers. One way of meeting this requirement is to share the same attestation key unless at least 100,000 units of a given SKU are produced. If more than 100,000 units of an SKU are produced, a different key MAY be used for each 100,000 units.

Note that if a device implementation is already launched on an earlier Android version, such a device is exempted from the requirement to have a keystore backed by an isolated execution environment and support the key attestation, unless it declares the android.hardware.fingerprint feature which requires a keystore backed by an isolated execution environment.

  • [C-1-5] MUST allow the user to choose the Sleep timeout for transition from the unlocked to the locked state, with a minimum allowable timeout up to 15 seconds.

9.11.1. Secure Lock Screen and Authentication

The AOSP implementation follows a tiered authentication model where a knowledge-factory based primary authentication can be backed by either a secondary strong biometric, or by weaker tertiary modalities.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to set only one of the following as the primary authentication method:
    • A numeric PIN
    • An alphanumeric password
    • A swipe pattern on a grid of exactly 3x3 dots

Note that the above authentication methods are referred as the recommended primary authentication methods in this document.

If device implementations add or modify the recommended primary authentication methods and use a new authentication method as a secure way to lock the screen, the new authentication method:

If device implementations add or modify the authentication methods to unlock the lock screen if based on a known secret and use a new authentication method to be treated as a secure way to lock the screen:

  • [C-3-1] The entropy of the shortest allowed length of inputs MUST be greater than 10 bits.
  • [C-3-2] The maximum entropy of all possible inputs MUST be greater than 18 bits.
  • [C-3-3] The new authentication method MUST NOT replace any of the recommended primary authentication methods (ie PIN, pattern, password) implemented and provided in AOSP.
  • [C-3-4] The new authentication method MUST be disabled when the Device Policy Controller (DPC) application has set the password quality policy via the DevicePolicyManager.setPasswordQuality() method with a more restrictive quality constant than PASSWORD_QUALITY_SOMETHING .
  • [C-3-5] New authentication methods MUST either fall back to the recommended primary authentication methods (ie PIN, pattern, password) once every 72 hours or less OR clearly disclose to the user that some data will not be backed up in order to preserve the privacy of their data.

If device implementations add or modify the recommended primary authentication methods to unlock the lock screen and use a new authentication method that is based on biometrics to be treated as a secure way to lock the screen, the new method:

  • [C-4-1] MUST meet all requirements described in section 7.3.10 for Convenience .
  • [C-4-2] MUST have a fall-back mechanism to use one of the recommended primary authentication methods which is based on a known secret.
  • [C-4-3] MUST be disabled and only allow the recommended primary authentication to unlock the screen when the Device Policy Controller (DPC) application has set the keyguard feature policy by calling the method DevicePolicyManager.setKeyguardDisabledFeatures() , with any of the associated biometric flags (ie KEYGUARD_DISABLE_BIOMETRICS , KEYGUARD_DISABLE_FINGERPRINT , KEYGUARD_DISABLE_FACE , or KEYGUARD_DISABLE_IRIS ).

If the biometric authentication methods do not meet the requirements for Strong as described in section 7.3.10 :

  • [C-5-1] The methods MUST be disabled if the Device Policy Controller (DPC) application has set the password quality policy via the DevicePolicyManager.setPasswordQuality() method with a more restrictive quality constant than PASSWORD_QUALITY_BIOMETRIC_WEAK .
  • [C-5-2] The user MUST be challenged for the recommended primary authentication (eg: PIN, pattern, password) after any 4-hour idle timeout period. The idle timeout period is reset after any successful confirmation of the device credentials.
  • [C-5-3] The methods MUST NOT be treated as a secure lock screen, and MUST meet the requirements that start with C-8 in this section below.

If device implementations add or modify the authentication methods to unlock the lock screen and a new authentication method is based on a physical token or the location:

  • [C-6-1] They MUST have a fall-back mechanism to use one of the recommended primary authentication methods which is based on a known secret and meet the requirements to be treated as a secure lock screen.
  • [C-6-2] The new method MUST be disabled and only allow one of the recommended primary authentication methods to unlock the screen when the Device Policy Controller (DPC) application has set the policy with either the DevicePolicyManager.setKeyguardDisabledFeatures(KEYGUARD_DISABLE_TRUST_AGENTS) method or the DevicePolicyManager.setPasswordQuality() method with a more restrictive quality constant than PASSWORD_QUALITY_UNSPECIFIED .
  • [C-6-3] The user MUST be challenged for one of the recommended primary authentication methods (egPIN, pattern, password) at least once every 4 hours or less.
  • [C-6-4] The new method MUST NOT be treated as a secure lock screen and MUST follow the constraints listed in C-8 below.

If device implementations have a secure lock screen and include one or more trust agent, which implements the TrustAgentService System API, they:

  • [C-7-1] MUST have clear indication in the settings menu and on the lock screen when device lock is deferred or can be kept unlocked by trust agent(s). For example, AOSP meets this requirement by showing a text description for the "Automatically lock setting" and "Power button instantly locks" in the settings menu and a distinguishable icon on the lock screen.
  • [C-7-2] MUST respect and fully implement all trust agent APIs in the DevicePolicyManager class, such as the KEYGUARD_DISABLE_TRUST_AGENTS constant.
  • [C-7-3] MUST NOT fully implement the TrustAgentService.addEscrowToken() function on a device that is used as a primary personal device (eg handheld) but MAY fully implement the function on device implementations that are typically shared (eg Android Television or Automotive device).
  • [C-7-4] MUST encrypt all stored tokens added by TrustAgentService.addEscrowToken() .
  • [C-7-5] MUST NOT store the encryption key or escrow token on the same device where the key is used. For example, it is allowed for a key stored on a phone to unlock a user account on a TV.
  • [C-7-6] MUST inform the user about the security implications before enabling the escrow token to decrypt the data storage.
  • [C-7-7] MUST have a fall-back mechanism to use one of the recommended primary authentication methods.
  • [C-7-8] The user MUST be challenged for one of the recommended primary authentication (eg: PIN, pattern, password) methods at least once every 72 hours or less unless the safety of the user (eg driver distraction) is of preoccupazione.
  • [C-7-9] The user MUST be challenged for one of the recommended primary authentication (eg: PIN, pattern, password) methods after any 4-hour idle timeout period unless the safety of the user (eg driver distraction) is of concern.. The idle timeout period is reset after any successful confirmation of the device credentials.
  • [C-7-10] MUST NOT be treated as a secure lock screen and MUST follow the constraints listed in C-8 below.
  • [C-7-11] MUST NOT allow TrustAgents on primary personal devices (eg: handheld) to unlock the device, and can only use them to keep an already unlocked device in the unlocked state for up to a maximum of 4 hours. The default implementation of TrustManagerService in AOSP meets this requirement.
  • [C-7-12] MUST use a cryptographically secure (eg UKEY2) communication channel to pass the escrow token from the storage device to the target device.

If device implementations add or modify the authentication methods to unlock the lock screen that is not a secure lock screen as described above, and use a new authentication method to unlock the keyguard:

  • [C-8-1] The new method MUST be disabled when the Device Policy Controller (DPC) application has set the password quality policy via the DevicePolicyManager.setPasswordQuality() method with a more restrictive quality constant than PASSWORD_QUALITY_UNSPECIFIED .
  • [C-8-2] They MUST NOT reset the password expiration timers set by DevicePolicyManager.setPasswordExpirationTimeout() .
  • [C-8-3] They MUST NOT expose an API for use by third-party apps to determine the lock state.

9.11.2. Cassaforte

The Android Keystore System allows app developers to store cryptographic keys in a dedicated secure processor as well as the isolated execution environment described above. Such a dedicated secure processor is called "StrongBox". Requirements C-1-3 through C-1-11 below define the requirements a device MUST meet to qualify as a StrongBox.

Device implementations that have a dedicated secure processor:

  • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to support StrongBox. StrongBox will likely become a requirement in a future release.

If device implementations support StrongBox, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST declare FEATURE_STRONGBOX_KEYSTORE .

  • [C-1-2] MUST provide dedicated secure hardware that is used to back keystore and secure user authentication. The dedicated secure hardware may be used for other purposes as well.

  • [C-1-3] MUST have a discrete CPU that shares no cache, DRAM, coprocessors or other core resources with the application processor (AP).

  • [C-1-4] MUST ensure that any peripherals shared with the AP cannot alter StrongBox processing in any way, or obtain any information from the StrongBox. The AP MAY disable or block access to StrongBox.

  • [C-1-5] MUST have an internal clock with reasonable accuracy (+-10%) that is immune to manipulation by the AP.

  • [C-1-6] MUST have a true random number generator that produces uniformly-distributed and unpredictable output.

  • [C-1-7] MUST have tamper resistance, including resistance against physical penetration, and glitching.

  • [C-1-8] MUST have side-channel resistance, including resistance against leaking information via power, timing, electromagnetic radiation, and thermal radiation side channels.

  • [C-1-9] MUST have secure storage which ensures confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, consistency, and freshness of the contents. The storage MUST NOT be able to be read or altered, except as permitted by the StrongBox APIs.

  • To validate compliance with [C-1-3] through [C-1-9], device implementations:

    • [C-1-10] MUST include the hardware that is certified against the Secure IC Protection Profile BSI-CC-PP-0084-2014 or evaluated by a nationally accredited testing laboratory incorporating High attack potential vulnerability assessment according to the Common Criteria Application of Attack Potential to Smartcards .
    • [C-1-11] MUST include the firmware that is evaluated by a nationally accredited testing laboratory incorporating High attack potential vulnerability assessment according to the Common Criteria Application of Attack Potential to Smartcards .
    • [C-SR] Are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to include the hardware that is evaluated using a Security Target, Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) 5, augmented by AVA_VAN.5. EAL 5 certification will likely become a requirement in a future release.
  • [C-SR] are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to provide insider attack resistance (IAR), which means that an insider with access to firmware signing keys cannot produce firmware that causes the StrongBox to leak secrets, to bypass functional security requirements or otherwise enable access to sensitive dati utente. The recommended way to implement IAR is to allow firmware updates only when the primary user password is provided via the IAuthSecret HAL.

9.12. Cancellazione dei dati

All device implementations:

  • [C-0-1] MUST provide users a mechanism to perform a "Factory Data Reset".
  • [C-0-2] MUST delete all data on the userdata filesystem.
  • [C-0-3] MUST delete the data in such a way that will satisfy relevant industry standards such as NIST SP800-88.
  • [C-0-4] MUST trigger the above "Factory Data Reset" process when the DevicePolicyManager.wipeData() API is called by the primary user's Device Policy Controller app.
  • MAY provide a fast data wipe option that conducts only a logical data erase.

9.13. Safe Boot Mode

Android provides Safe Boot Mode, which allows users to boot up into a mode where only preinstalled system apps are allowed to run and all third-party apps are disabled. This mode, known as "Safe Boot Mode", provides the user the capability to uninstall potentially harmful third-party apps.

Device implementations are:

  • [SR] STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to implement Safe Boot Mode.

If device implementations implement Safe Boot Mode, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST provide the user an option to enter Safe Boot Mode in such a way that is uninterruptible from third-party apps installed on the device, except when the third-party app is a Device Policy Controller and has set the UserManager.DISALLOW_SAFE_BOOT flag as true.

  • [C-1-2] MUST provide the user the capability to uninstall any third-party apps within Safe Mode.

  • SHOULD provide the user an option to enter Safe Boot Mode from the boot menu using a workflow that is different from that of a normal boot.

9.14. Automotive Vehicle System Isolation

Android Automotive devices are expected to exchange data with critical vehicle subsystems by using the vehicle HAL to send and receive messages over vehicle networks such as CAN bus.

The data exchange can be secured by implementing security features below the Android framework layers to prevent malicious or unintentional interaction with these subsystems.

9.15. Piani di abbonamento

"Subscription plans" refer to the billing relationship plan details provided by a mobile carrier through SubscriptionManager.setSubscriptionPlans() .

All device implementations:

  • [C-0-1] MUST return subscription plans only to the mobile carrier app that has originally provided them.
  • [C-0-2] MUST NOT remotely back up or upload subscription plans.
  • [C-0-3] MUST only allow overrides, such as SubscriptionManager.setSubscriptionOverrideCongested() , from the mobile carrier app currently providing valid subscription plans.

10. Test di compatibilità del software

Device implementations MUST pass all tests described in this section. However, note that no software test package is fully comprehensive. For this reason, device implementers are STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to make the minimum number of changes as possible to the reference and preferred implementation of Android available from the Android Open Source Project. This will minimize the risk of introducing bugs that create incompatibilities requiring rework and potential device updates.

10.1. Suite di test di compatibilità

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST pass the Android Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) available from the Android Open Source Project, using the final shipping software on the device.

  • [C-0-2] MUST ensure compatibility in cases of ambiguity in CTS and for any reimplementations of parts of the reference source code.

The CTS is designed to be run on an actual device. Like any software, the CTS may itself contain bugs. The CTS will be versioned independently of this Compatibility Definition, and multiple revisions of the CTS may be released for Android 10.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-3] MUST pass the latest CTS version available at the time the device software is completed.

  • SHOULD use the reference implementation in the Android Open Source tree as much as possible.

10.2. Verificatore CTS

The CTS Verifier is included with the Compatibility Test Suite, and is intended to be run by a human operator to test functionality that cannot be tested by an automated system, such as correct functioning of a camera and sensors.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-1] MUST correctly execute all applicable cases in the CTS verifier.

The CTS Verifier has tests for many kinds of hardware, including some hardware that is optional.

Implementazioni del dispositivo:

  • [C-0-2] MUST pass all tests for hardware that they possess; for instance, if a device possesses an accelerometer, it MUST correctly execute the Accelerometer test case in the CTS Verifier.

Test cases for features noted as optional by this Compatibility Definition Document MAY be skipped or omitted.

  • [C-0-2] Every device and every build MUST correctly run the CTS Verifier, as noted above. However, since many builds are very similar, device implementers are not expected to explicitly run the CTS Verifier on builds that differ only in trivial ways. Specifically, device implementations that differ from an implementation that has passed the CTS Verifier only by the set of included locales, branding, etc. MAY omit the CTS Verifier test.

11. Software aggiornabile

  • [C-0-1] Device implementations MUST include a mechanism to replace the entirety of the system software. The mechanism need not perform “live” upgrades—that is, a device restart MAY be required. Any method can be used, provided that it can replace the entirety of the software preinstalled on the device. For instance, any of the following approaches will satisfy this requirement:

    • “Over-the-air (OTA)” downloads with offline update via reboot.
    • “Tethered” updates over USB from a host PC.
    • “Offline” updates via a reboot and update from a file on removable storage.
  • [C-0-2] The update mechanism used MUST support updates without wiping user data. That is, the update mechanism MUST preserve application private data and application shared data. Note that the upstream Android software includes an update mechanism that satisfies this requirement.

  • [C-0-3] The entire update MUST be signed and the on-device update mechanism MUST verify the update and signature against a public key stored on device.

  • [C-SR] The signing mechanism is STRONGLY RECOMMENDED to hash the update with SHA-256 and validate the hash against the public key using ECDSA NIST P-256.

If the device implementations includes support for an unmetered data connection such as 802.11 or Bluetooth PAN (Personal Area Network) profile, then, they:

  • [C-1-1] MUST support OTA downloads with offline update via reboot.

For device implementations that are launching with Android 6.0 and later, the update mechanism SHOULD support verifying that the system image is binary identical to expected result following an OTA. The block-based OTA implementation in the upstream Android Open Source Project, added since Android 5.1, satisfies this requirement.

Also, device implementations SHOULD support A/B system updates . The AOSP implements this feature using the boot control HAL.

If an error is found in a device implementation after it has been released but within its reasonable product lifetime that is determined in consultation with the Android Compatibility Team to affect the compatibility of third-party applications, then:

  • [C-2-1] The device implementer MUST correct the error via a software update available that can be applied per the mechanism just described.

Android includes features that allow the Device Owner app (if present) to control the installation of system updates. If the system update subsystem for devices report android.software.device_admin then, they:

12. Registro delle modifiche al documento

For a summary of changes to the Compatibility Definition in this release:

For a summary of changes to individuals sections:

  1. introduzione
  2. Device Types
  3. Software
  4. Application Packaging
  5. Multimedia
  6. Developer Tools and Options
  7. Hardware Compatibility
  8. Prestazioni e potenza
  9. Modello di sicurezza
  10. Software Compatibility Testing
  11. Updatable Software
  12. Document Changelog
  13. Contattaci

12.1. Changelog Viewing Tips

Changes are marked as follows:

  • CDD
    Substantive changes to the compatibility requirements.

  • Docs
    Cosmetic or build related changes.

For best viewing, append the pretty=full and no-merges URL parameters to your changelog URLs.

13. Contattaci

You can join the android-compatibility forum and ask for clarifications or bring up any issues that you think the document does not cover.