Mejoras de seguridad

Android 14

Todas las versiones de Android incluyen docenas de mejoras de seguridad para proteger a los usuarios. Estas son algunas de las principales mejoras de seguridad disponibles en Android 14:

• El AddressSanitizer asistido por hardware (HWASan), que se introdujo en Android 10, es una herramienta de detección de errores de memoria similar a AddressSanitizer. Android 14 ofrece mejoras significativas en HWASan. Obtén información sobre cómo ayuda a evitar que los errores lleguen a las versiones de Android, HWAddressSanitizer
• En Android 14, a partir de las apps que comparten datos de ubicación con terceros, el diálogo de permisos de tiempo de ejecución del sistema ahora incluye una sección en la que se puede hacer clic y en la que se destacan las prácticas de uso compartido de datos de la app, incluida información como el motivo por el que una app puede decidir compartir datos con terceros.
• Android 12 presentó una opción para inhabilitar la compatibilidad con 2G a nivel del módem, lo que protege a los usuarios del riesgo de seguridad inherente del modelo de seguridad obsoleto de 2G. Android 14 habilita esta función de seguridad en Android Enterprise, ya que reconoce lo importante que puede ser inhabilitar la red 2G para los clientes empresariales, y presenta compatibilidad para que los administradores de TI restrinjan la capacidad de un dispositivo administrado de regresar a la conectividad 2G.
• Se agregó compatibilidad para rechazar las conexiones celulares con algoritmos de cifrado nulos, lo que garantiza que el tráfico de voz y SMS con conmutación de circuitos siempre esté encriptado y protegido contra la interceptación pasiva inalámbrica. Obtén más información sobre el programa de Android para endurecer la conectividad celular.
• Se agregó compatibilidad con varios IMEI
• Desde Android 14, AES-HCTR2 es el modo preferido de encriptación de nombres de archivos para dispositivos con instrucciones de criptografía acelerada.
• Conectividad celular
• Se agregó documentación para el Centro de seguridad de Android.
• Si tu app está orientada a Android 14 y usa la carga dinámica de códigos (DCL), todos los archivos que se carguen de esta forma se deben marcar como de solo lectura. De lo contrario, el sistema arrojará una excepción. Recomendamos que las apps eviten la carga dinámica de códigos siempre que sea posible, ya que de esta manera aumenta, en gran medida, el riesgo de que una app pueda verse comprometida por la inserción o la manipulación de código.

Consulta nuestras notas de la versión completas de AOSP y la lista de cambios y funciones de Android Developers.

Android 13

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 13:

• Android 13 adds multi-document presentation support. This new Presentation Session interface enables an app to do a multi-document presentation, something which isn't possible with the existing API. For further information, refer to Identity Credential
• In Android 13, intents originating from external apps are delivered to an exported component if and only if the intents match their declared intent-filter elements.
• Open Mobile API (OMAPI) is a standard API used to communicate with a device's Secure Element. Before Android 13, only apps and framework modules had access to this interface. By converting it to a vendor stable interface, HAL modules are also capable of communicating with the secure elements through the OMAPI service. For more information, see OMAPI Vendor Stable Interface.
• As of Android 13-QPR, shared UIDs are deprecated. Users of Android 13 or higher should put the line `android:sharedUserMaxSdkVersion="32"` in their manifest. This entry prevents new users from getting a shared UID. For further information on UIDs, see App signing.
• Android 13 added support Keystore symmetric cryptographic primitives such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), HMAC (Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code), and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms (including Elliptic Curve, RSA2048, RSA4096, and Curve 25519)
• Android 13 (API level 33) and higher supports a runtime permission for sending non-exempt notifications from an app. This gives users control over which permission notifications they see.
• Added per-use prompt for apps requesting access to all device logs, giving users the ability to allow or deny access.
• introduced the Android Virtualization Framework (AVF), which brings together different hypervisors under one framework with standardized APIs. It provides secure and private execution environments for executing workloads isolated by hypervisor.
• Introduced APK signature scheme v3.1 All new key rotations that use apksigner use the v3.1 signature scheme by default to target rotation for Android 13 and higher.

Check out our full AOSP release notes and the Android Developer features and changes list.

Android 12

Todas las versiones de Android incluyen docenas de mejoras de seguridad para proteger a los usuarios. Estas son algunas de las principales mejoras de seguridad disponibles en Android 12:

• Android 12 introduce la API de BiometricManager.Strings, que proporciona cadenas localizadas para las apps que usan BiometricPrompt para la autenticación. Estas cadenas están diseñadas para tener en cuenta el dispositivo y proporcionar más especificidad sobre qué tipos de autenticación se pueden usar. Android 12 también incluye compatibilidad con sensores de huellas dactilares debajo de la pantalla.
• Se agregó compatibilidad con sensores de huellas dactilares debajo de la pantalla
• Introducción al lenguaje de definición de la interfaz de Android de huella digital (AIDL)
• Compatibilidad con el nuevo AIDL de Face
• Introducción de Rust como lenguaje para el desarrollo de la plataforma
• Se agregó la opción para que los usuarios otorguen acceso solo a su ubicación aproximada.
• Se agregaron indicadores de privacidad en la barra de estado cuando una app usa la cámara o el micrófono.
• Private Compute Core (PCC) de Android
• Se agregó una opción para inhabilitar la compatibilidad con 2G

Android 11

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. For a list of some of the major security enhancements available in Android 11, see the Android Release Notes.

Android 10

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Android 10 includes several security and privacy enhancements. See the Android 10 release notes for a complete list of changes in Android 10.

Security

BoundsSanitizer

Android 10 deploys BoundsSanitizer (BoundSan) in Bluetooth and codecs. BoundSan uses UBSan's bounds sanitizer. This mitigation is enabled on a per-module level. It helps keep critical components of Android secure and shouldn't be disabled. BoundSan is enabled in the following codecs:

• libFLAC
• libavcdec
• libavcenc
• libhevcdec
• libmpeg2
• libopus
• libvpx
• libspeexresampler
• libvorbisidec
• libaac
• libxaac

Execute-only memory

By default, executable code sections for AArch64 system binaries are marked execute-only (nonreadable) as a hardening mitigation against just-in-time code reuse attacks. Code that mixes data and code together and code that purposefully inspects these sections (without first remapping the memory segments as readable) no longer functions. Apps with a target SDK of Android 10 (API level 29 or higher) are impacted if the app attempts to read code sections of execute-only memory (XOM) enabled system libraries in memory without first marking the section as readable.

Extended access

Trust agents, the underlying mechanism used by tertiary authentication mechanisms such as Smart Lock, can only extend unlock in Android 10. Trust agents can no longer unlock a locked device and can only keep a device unlocked for a maximum of four hours.

Face authentication

Face authentication allows users to unlock their device simply by looking at the front of their device. Android 10 adds support for a new face authentication stack that can securely process camera frames, preserving security and privacy during face authentication on supported hardware. Android 10 also provides an easy way for security-compliant implementations to enable app integration for transactions such as online banking or other services.

Integer Overflow Sanitization

Android 10 enables Integer Overflow Sanitization (IntSan) in software codecs. Ensure that playback performance is acceptable for any codecs that aren't supported in the device's hardware. IntSan is enabled in the following codecs:

• libFLAC
• libavcdec
• libavcenc
• libhevcdec
• libmpeg2
• libopus
• libvpx
• libspeexresampler
• libvorbisidec

Modular system components

Android 10 modularizes some Android system components and enables them to be updated outside of the normal Android release cycle. Some modules include:

• Android Runtime
• Conscrypt
• DNS Resolver
• DocumentsUI
• ExtServices
• Media
• ModuleMetadata
• Networking
• PermissionController
• Time Zone Data

OEMCrypto

Android 10 uses OEMCrypto API version 15.

Scudo

Scudo is a dynamic user-mode memory allocator designed to be more resilient against heap-related vulnerabilities. It provides the standard C allocation and deallocation primitives, as well as the C++ primitives.

ShadowCallStack

ShadowCallStack (SCS) is an LLVM instrumentation mode that protects against return address overwrites (like stack buffer overflows) by saving a function's return address to a separately allocated ShadowCallStack instance in the function prolog of nonleaf functions and loading the return address from the ShadowCallStack instance in the function epilog.

WPA3 and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open

Android 10 adds support for the Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3) and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open security standards to provide better privacy and robustness against known attacks.

Privacy

App access when targeting Android 9 or lower

If your app runs on Android 10 or higher but targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the platform applies the following behavior:

• If your app declares a <uses-permission> element for either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds a <uses-permission> element for ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION during installation.
• If your app requests either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION to the request.

Background activity restrictions

Starting in Android 10, the system places restrictions on starting activities from the background. This behavior change helps minimize interruptions for the user and keeps the user more in control of what's shown on their screen. As long as your app starts activities as a direct result of user interaction, your app most likely isn't affected by these restrictions.
To learn more about the recommended alternative to starting activities from the background, see the guide on how to alert users of time-sensitive events in your app.

Camera metadata

Android 10 changes the breadth of information that the getCameraCharacteristics() method returns by default. In particular, your app must have the CAMERA permission in order to access potentially device-specific metadata that is included in this method's return value.
To learn more about these changes, see the section about camera fields that require permission.

Clipboard data

Unless your app is the default input method editor (IME) or is the app that currently has focus, your app cannot access clipboard data on Android 10 or higher.

Device location

To support the additional control that users have over an app's access to location information, Android 10 introduces the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission.
Unlike the ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION and ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION permissions, the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission only affects an app's access to location when it runs in the background. An app is considered to be accessing location in the background unless one of the following conditions is satisfied:

• An activity belonging to the app is visible.
• The app is running a foreground service that has declared a foreground service type of location.
  To declare the foreground service type for a service in your app, set your app's targetSdkVersion or compileSdkVersion to 29 or higher. Learn more about how foreground services can continue user-initiated actions that require access to location.

External storage

By default, apps targeting Android 10 and higher are given scoped access into external storage, or scoped storage. Such apps can see the following types of files within an external storage device without needing to request any storage-related user permissions:

• Files in the app-specific directory, accessed using getExternalFilesDir().
• Photos, videos, and audio clips that the app created from the media store.

To learn more about scoped storage, as well as how to share, access, and modify files that are saved on external storage devices, see the guides on how to manage files in external storage and access and modify media files.

MAC address randomization

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, the system transmits randomized MAC addresses by default.
If your app handles an enterprise use case, the platform provides APIs for several operations related to MAC addresses:

• Obtain randomized MAC address: Device owner apps and profile owner apps can retrieve the randomized MAC address assigned to a specific network by calling getRandomizedMacAddress().
• Obtain actual, factory MAC address: Device owner apps can retrieve a device's actual hardware MAC address by calling getWifiMacAddress(). This method is useful for tracking fleets of devices.

Non-resettable device identifiers

Starting in Android 10, apps must have the READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE privileged permission in order to access the device's non-resettable identifiers, which include both IMEI and serial number.

• Build
  • getSerial()
• TelephonyManager
  • getImei()
  • getDeviceId()
  • getMeid()
  • getSimSerialNumber()
  • getSubscriberId()

If your app doesn't have the permission and you try asking for information about non-resettable identifiers anyway, the platform's response varies based on target SDK version:

• If your app targets Android 10 or higher, a SecurityException occurs.
• If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the method returns null or placeholder data if the app has the READ_PHONE_STATE permission. Otherwise, a SecurityException occurs.

Physical activity recognition

Android 10 introduces the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION runtime permission for apps that need to detect the user's step count or classify the user's physical activity, such as walking, biking, or moving in a vehicle. This is designed to give users visibility of how device sensor data is used in Settings.
Some libraries within Google Play services, such as the Activity Recognition API and the Google Fit API, don't provide results unless the user has granted your app this permission.
The only built-in sensors on the device that require you to declare this permission are the step counter and step detector sensors.
If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the system auto-grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission to your app, as needed, if your app satisfies each of the following conditions:

• The manifest file includes the com.google.android.gms.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.
• The manifest file doesn't include the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.

If the system-auto grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission, your app retains the permission after you update your app to target Android 10. However, the user can revoke this permission at any time in system settings.

/proc/net filesystem restrictions

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, apps cannot access /proc/net, which includes information about a device's network state. Apps that need access to this information, such as VPNs, should use the NetworkStatsManager or ConnectivityManager class.

Permission groups removed from UI

As of Android 10, apps cannot look up how permissions are grouped in the UI.

Removal of contacts affinity

Starting in Android 10, the platform doesn't keep track of contacts affinity information. As a result, if your app conducts a search on the user's contacts, the results aren't ordered by frequency of interaction.
The guide about ContactsProvider contains a notice describing the specific fields and methods that are obsolete on all devices starting in Android 10.

Restricted access to screen contents

To protect users' screen contents, Android 10 prevents silent access to the device's screen contents by changing the scope of the READ_FRAME_BUFFER, CAPTURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT, and CAPTURE_SECURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT permissions. As of Android 10, these permissions are signature-access only.
Apps that need to access the device's screen contents should use the MediaProjection API, which displays a prompt asking the user to provide consent.

USB device serial number

If your app targets Android 10 or higher, your app cannot read the serial number until the user has granted your app permission to access the USB device or accessory.
To learn more about working with USB devices, see the guide on how to configure USB hosts.

Wi-Fi

Apps targeting Android 10 or higher cannot enable or disable Wi-Fi. The WifiManager.setWifiEnabled() method always returns false.
If you need to prompt users to enable and disable Wi-Fi, use a settings panel.

Restrictions on direct access to configured Wi-Fi networks

To protect user privacy, manual configuration of the list of Wi-Fi networks is restricted to system apps and device policy controllers (DPCs). A given DPC can be either the device owner or the profile owner.
If your app targets Android 10 or higher, and it isn't a system app or a DPC, then the following methods don't return useful data:

• The getConfiguredNetworks() method always returns an empty list.
• Each network operation method that returns an integer value—addNetwork() and updateNetwork()—always returns -1.
• Each network operation that returns a boolean value—removeNetwork(), reassociate(), enableNetwork(), disableNetwork(), reconnect(), and disconnect()—always returns false.

Android 9

Todas las versiones de Android incluyen docenas de mejoras de seguridad para proteger a los usuarios. Para obtener una lista de algunas de las principales mejoras de seguridad disponibles en Android 9, consulta las Notas de la versión de Android.

Android 8

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 8.0:

• Encryption. Added support to evict key in work profile.
• Verified Boot. Added Android Verified Boot (AVB). Verified Boot codebase supporting rollback protection for use in boot loaders added to AOSP. Recommend bootloader support for rollback protection for the HLOS. Recommend boot loaders can only be unlocked by user physically interacting with the device.
• Lock screen. Added support for using tamper-resistant hardware to verify lock screen credential.
• KeyStore. Required key attestation for all devices that ship with Android 8.0+. Added ID attestation support to improve Zero Touch Enrollment.
• Sandboxing. More tightly sandboxed many components using Project Treble's standard interface between framework and device-specific components. Applied seccomp filtering to all untrusted apps to reduce the kernel's attack surface. WebView is now run in an isolated process with very limited access to the rest of the system.
• Kernel hardening. Implemented hardened usercopy, PAN emulation, read-only after init, and KASLR.
• Userspace hardening. Implemented CFI for the media stack. App overlays can no longer cover system-critical windows and users have a way to dismiss them.
• Streaming OS update. Enabled updates on devices that are are low on disk space.
• Install unknown apps. Users must grant permission to install apps from a source that isn't a first-party app store.
• Privacy. Android ID (SSAID) has a different value for each app and each user on the device. For web browser apps, Widevine Client ID returns a different value for each app package name and web origin. net.hostname is now empty and the dhcp client no longer sends a hostname. android.os.Build.SERIAL has been replaced with the Build.SERIAL API which is protected behind a user-controlled permission. Improved MAC address randomization in some chipsets.

Android 7

Todas las versiones de Android incluyen docenas de mejoras de seguridad para proteger a los usuarios. Estas son algunas de las principales mejoras de seguridad disponibles en Android 7.0:

• Encriptación basada en archivos. La encriptación a nivel de archivo, en lugar de encriptar toda el área de almacenamiento como una sola unidad, aísla y protege mejor a los usuarios y perfiles individuales (como los personales y los de trabajo) en un dispositivo.
• Inicio directo: El inicio directo, habilitado por la encriptación basada en archivos, permite que ciertas apps, como la alarma y las funciones de accesibilidad, se ejecuten cuando el dispositivo está encendido, pero no desbloqueado.
• Inicio verificado. El inicio verificado ahora se aplica de forma estricta para evitar que se inicien dispositivos vulnerados. Admite la corrección de errores para mejorar la confiabilidad contra la corrupción de datos no maliciosa.
• SELinux. La configuración actualizada de SELinux y la mayor cobertura de seccomp bloquean aún más la zona de pruebas de aplicaciones y reducen la superficie de ataque.
• Aleatorización del orden de carga de la biblioteca y ASLR mejorado Un aumento de aleatoriedad provoca que algunos ataques basados en reutilización de código sean menos efectivos.
• Endurecimiento del kernel. Se agregó protección de memoria adicional para kernels más nuevos marcando partes de la memoria del kernel como de solo lectura, lo que restringe el acceso del kernel a las direcciones del espacio de usuario y reduce aún más la superficie de ataque existente.
• Esquema de firma de APK v2. Se introdujo un esquema de firma de archivo completo que mejora la velocidad de verificación y fortalece las garantías de integridad.
• Tienda de AC de confianza. Para que las apps puedan controlar con mayor facilidad el acceso a su tráfico de red seguro, las autoridades certificadoras instaladas por el usuario y las instaladas a través de las APIs de Device Admin ya no son de confianza de forma predeterminada para las apps que se orientan al nivel de API 24 o versiones posteriores. Además, todos los dispositivos Android nuevos deben enviarse con el mismo almacén de AC de confianza.
• Configuración de seguridad de red. Configura la seguridad de la red y TLS a través de un archivo de configuración declarativo.

Android 6

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 6.0:

• Runtime Permissions. Apps request permissions at runtime instead of being granted at App install time. Users can toggle permissions on and off for both M and pre-M apps.
• Verified Boot. A set of cryptographic checks of system software are conducted prior to execution to ensure the phone is healthy from the bootloader all the way up to the operating system.
• Hardware-Isolated Security. New Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) used by Fingerprint API, Lockscreen, Device Encryption, and Client Certificates to protect keys against kernel compromise and/or local physical attacks
• Fingerprints. Devices can now be unlocked with just a touch. Developers can also take advantage of new APIs to use fingerprints to lock and unlock encryption keys.
• SD Card Adoption. Removable media can be adopted to a device and expand available storage for app local data, photos, videos, etc., but still be protected by block-level encryption.
• Clear Text Traffic. Developers can use a new StrictMode to make sure their app doesn't use cleartext.
• System Hardening. Hardening of the system via policies enforced by SELinux. This offers better isolation between users, IOCTL filtering, reduce threat of exposed services, further tightening of SELinux domains, and extremely limited /proc access.
• USB Access Control: Users must confirm to allow USB access to files, storage, or other functionality on the phone. Default is now charge only with access to storage requiring explicit approval from the user.

Android 5

5.0

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 5.0:

• Encrypted by default. On devices that ship with L out-of-the-box, full disk encryption is enabled by default to improve protection of data on lost or stolen devices. Devices that update to L can be encrypted in Settings > Security .
• Improved full disk encryption. The user password is protected against brute-force attacks using scrypt and, where available, the key is bound to the hardware keystore to prevent off-device attacks. As always, the Android screen lock secret and the device encryption key are not sent off the device or exposed to any application.
• Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux . Android now requires SELinux in enforcing mode for all domains. SELinux is a mandatory access control (MAC) system in the Linux kernel used to augment the existing discretionary access control (DAC) security model. This new layer provides additional protection against potential security vulnerabilities.
• Smart Lock. Android now includes trustlets that provide more flexibility for unlocking devices. For example, trustlets can allow devices to be unlocked automatically when close to another trusted device (through NFC, Bluetooth) or being used by someone with a trusted face.
• Multi user, restricted profile, and guest modes for phones and tablets. Android now provides for multiple users on phones and includes a guest mode that can be used to provide easy temporary access to your device without granting access to your data and apps.
• Updates to WebView without OTA. WebView can now be updated independent of the framework and without a system OTA. This allows for faster response to potential security issues in WebView.
• Updated cryptography for HTTPS and TLS/SSL. TLSv1.2 and TLSv1.1 is now enabled, Forward Secrecy is now preferred, AES-GCM is now enabled, and weak cipher suites (MD5, 3DES, and export cipher suites) are now disabled. See https://developer.android.com/reference/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocket.html for more details.
• non-PIE linker support removed. Android now requires all dynamically linked executables to support PIE (position-independent executables). This enhances Android's address space layout randomization (ASLR) implementation.
• FORTIFY_SOURCE improvements. The following libc functions now implement FORTIFY_SOURCE protections: stpcpy(), stpncpy(), read(), recvfrom(), FD_CLR(), FD_SET(), and FD_ISSET(). This provides protection against memory-corruption vulnerabilities involving those functions.
• Security Fixes. Android 5.0 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members, and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android 4 y versiones anteriores

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements available in Android 4.4:

• Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux. Android now uses SELinux in enforcing mode. SELinux is a mandatory access control (MAC) system in the Linux kernel used to augment the existing discretionary access control (DAC) based security model. This provides additional protection against potential security vulnerabilities.
• Per User VPN. On multi-user devices, VPNs are now applied per user. This can allow a user to route all network traffic through a VPN without affecting other users on the device.
• ECDSA Provider support in AndroidKeyStore. Android now has a keystore provider that allows use of ECDSA and DSA algorithms.
• Device Monitoring Warnings. Android provides users with a warning if any certificate has been added to the device certificate store that could allow monitoring of encrypted network traffic.
• FORTIFY_SOURCE. Android now supports FORTIFY_SOURCE level 2, and all code is compiled with these protections. FORTIFY_SOURCE has been enhanced to work with clang.
• Certificate Pinning. Android 4.4 detects and prevents the use of fraudulent Google certificates used in secure SSL/TLS communications.
• Security Fixes. Android 4.4 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements available in Android 4.3:

• Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux. This release strengthens the Android sandbox using the SELinux mandatory access control system (MAC) in the Linux kernel. SELinux reinforcement is invisible to users and developers, and adds robustness to the existing Android security model while maintaining compatibility with existing apps. To ensure continued compatibility this release allows the use of SELinux in a permissive mode. This mode logs any policy violations, but will not break apps or affect system behavior.
• No setuid or setgid programs. Added support for filesystem capabilities to Android system files and removed all setuid or setgid programs. This reduces root attack surface and the likelihood of potential security vulnerabilities.
• ADB authentication. Starting in Android 4.2.2, connections to ADB are authenticated with an RSA keypair. This prevents unauthorized use of ADB where the attacker has physical access to a device.
• Restrict Setuid from Android Apps. The /system partition is now mounted nosuid for zygote-spawned processes, preventing Android apps from executing setuid programs. This reduces root attack surface and the likelihood of potential security vulnerabilities.
• Capability bounding. Android zygote and ADB now use prctl(PR_CAPBSET_DROP) to drop unnecessary capabilities prior to executing apps. This prevents Android apps and apps launched from the shell from acquiring privileged capabilities.
• AndroidKeyStore Provider. Android now has a keystore provider that allows apps to create exclusive use keys. This provides apps with an API to create or store private keys that cannot be used by other apps.
• KeyChain isBoundKeyAlgorithm. Keychain API now provides a method (isBoundKeyType) that allows apps to confirm that system-wide keys are bound to a hardware root of trust for the device. This provides a place to create or store private keys that can't be exported off the device, even in the event of a root compromise.
• NO_NEW_PRIVS. Android zygote now uses prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS) to block addition of new privileges prior to execution app code. This prevents Android apps from performing operations that can elevate privileges through execve. (This requires Linux kernel version 3.5 or greater).
• FORTIFY_SOURCE enhancements. Enabled FORTIFY_SOURCE on Android x86 and MIPS and fortified strchr(), strrchr(), strlen(), and umask() calls. This can detect potential memory corruption vulnerabilities or unterminated string constants.
• Relocation protections. Enabled read only relocations (relro) for statically linked executables and removed all text relocations in Android code. This provides defense in depth against potential memory corruption vulnerabilities.
• Improved EntropyMixer. EntropyMixer now writes entropy at shutdown or reboot, in addition to periodic mixing. This allows retention of all entropy generated while devices are powered on, and is especially useful for devices that are rebooted immediately after provisioning.
• Security fixes. Android 4.3 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android proporciona un modelo de seguridad de varias capas que se describe en la Descripción general de seguridad de Android. Cada actualización de Android incluye docenas de mejoras de seguridad para proteger a los usuarios. A continuación, se muestran algunas de las mejoras de seguridad que se introdujeron en Android 4.2:

• Verificación de apps: Los usuarios pueden habilitar la función Verificar aplicaciones y hacer que las apps sean revisadas por un verificador de apps antes de la instalación. La verificación de aplicaciones puede alertar al usuario si intenta instalar una app que puede ser dañina. Si una app es particularmente mala, puede bloquear su instalación.
• Mayor control de los SMS premium: Android proporciona una notificación si una app intenta enviar SMS a un código corto que usa servicios premium que pueden generar cargos adicionales. El usuario puede elegir si desea permitir que la app envíe el mensaje o bloquearlo.
• VPN siempre activada: La VPN se puede configurar para que las apps no tengan acceso a la red hasta que se establezca una conexión VPN. De esta manera, se evita que las apps envíen datos a través de otras redes.
• Fijación de certificados: Las bibliotecas principales de Android ahora admiten la fijación de certificados. Los dominios fijados reciben un error de validación de certificado si el certificado no se encadena a un conjunto de certificados esperados. Esto brinda protección contra posibles compromisos de las autoridades certificadoras.
• Visualización mejorada de los permisos de Android: Los permisos se organizan en grupos que los usuarios pueden comprender más fácilmente. Durante la revisión de los permisos, el usuario puede hacer clic en el permiso para ver información más detallada.
• Endurecimiento de installd: El daemon installd no se ejecuta como usuario raíz, lo que reduce la superficie de ataque potencial para la elevación de privilegios raíz.
• Endurecimiento de la secuencia de comandos init: Ahora, las secuencias de comandos init aplican la semántica O_NOFOLLOW para evitar ataques relacionados con symlink.
• FORTIFY_SOURCE: Android ahora implementa FORTIFY_SOURCE. Esto lo utilizan las bibliotecas y apps del sistema para evitar daños en la memoria.
• Configuración predeterminada de ContentProvider: Las apps que se orientan al nivel de API 17 tienen export establecido en false de forma predeterminada para cada ContentProvider, lo que reduce la superficie de ataque predeterminada para las apps.
• Criptografía: Se modificaron las implementaciones predeterminadas de SecureRandom y Cipher.RSA para usar OpenSSL. Se agregó compatibilidad con SSL Socket para TLSv1.1 y TLSv1.2 mediante OpenSSL 1.0.1.
• Correcciones de seguridad: Las bibliotecas de código abierto actualizadas con correcciones de seguridad incluyen WebKit, libpng, OpenSSL y LibXML. Android 4.2 también incluye correcciones para vulnerabilidades específicas de Android. Los miembros de Open Handset Alliance recibieron información acerca de estas vulnerabilidades y las correcciones están disponibles en el Proyecto de código abierto de Android. Para mejorar la seguridad, es posible que algunos dispositivos con versiones anteriores de Android también incluyan estas correcciones.

Android proporciona un modelo de seguridad de varias capas que se describe en la Descripción general de seguridad de Android. Cada actualización de Android incluye docenas de mejoras de seguridad para proteger a los usuarios. A continuación, se muestran algunas de las mejoras de seguridad que se introdujeron en las versiones de Android 1.5 a 4.1:

Android 1.5

• ProPolice para evitar desbordamientos de búfer de pila (-fstack-protector)
• safe_iop para reducir los desbordamientos de números enteros
• Extensiones a dlmalloc de OpenBSD para evitar vulnerabilidades de doble free() y evitar ataques de consolidación de fragmentos. Los ataques de consolidación de fragmentos son una forma común de aprovechar la corrupción del montón.
• OpenBSD calloc para evitar desbordamientos de números enteros durante la asignación de memoria

Android 2.3

• Protecciones contra vulnerabilidades de cadenas de formato (-Wformat-security -Werror=format-security)
• No eXecute (NX) basado en hardware para evitar la ejecución de código en la pila y el montón
• mmap_min_addr de Linux para mitigar la escalamiento de privilegios de eliminación de referencia de puntero nulo (se mejoró aún más en Android 4.1)

Android 4.0

Aleatorización del diseño del espacio de direcciones (ASLR) para aleatorizar las ubicaciones de claves en la memoria

Android 4.1

• Compatibilidad con PIE (ejecutable independiente de la posición)
• Reubicaciones de solo lectura o vinculación inmediata (-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now)
• dmesg_restrict habilitado (evita la filtración de direcciones del kernel)
• kptr_restrict habilitado (evita la filtración de direcciones del kernel)