Penyempurnaan keamanan

Android terus meningkatkan kemampuan dan penawaran keamanannya. Lihat daftar peningkatan berdasarkan rilis di navigasi kiri.

Android 14

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 14:

  • Hardware-assisted AddressSanitizer (HWASan), introduced in Android 10, is a memory error detection tool similar to AddressSanitizer. Android 14 brings significant improvements to HWASan. Learn how it helps prevent bugs from making it into Android releases, HWAddressSanitizer
  • In Android 14, starting with apps that share location data with third-parties, the system runtime permission dialog now includes a clickable section that highlights the app's data-sharing practices, including information such as why an app may decide to share data with third parties.
  • Android 12 introduced an option to disable 2G support at the modem level, which protects users from the inherent security risk from 2G's obsolete security model. Recognizing how critical disabling 2G could be for enterprise customers, Android 14 enables this security feature in Android Enterprise, introducing support for IT admins to restrict the ability of a managed device to downgrade to 2G connectivity.
  • Added support to reject null-ciphered cellular connections, ensuring that circuit-switched voice and SMS traffic is always encrypted and protected from passive over-the-air interception. Learn more about Android's program to harden cellular connectivity.
  • Added support for multiple IMEIs
  • Since Android 14, AES-HCTR2 is the preferred mode of filenames encryption for devices with accelerated cryptography instructions.
  • Cellular connectivity
  • Documentation added for Android Safety Center
  • If your app targets Android 14 and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

Check out our full AOSP release notes and the Android Developer features and changes list.

Android 13

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 13:

  • Android 13 adds multi-document presentation support. This new Presentation Session interface enables an app to do a multi-document presentation, something which isn't possible with the existing API. For further information, refer to Identity Credential
  • In Android 13, intents originating from external apps are delivered to an exported component if and only if the intents match their declared intent-filter elements.
  • Open Mobile API (OMAPI) is a standard API used to communicate with a device's Secure Element. Before Android 13, only apps and framework modules had access to this interface. By converting it to a vendor stable interface, HAL modules are also capable of communicating with the secure elements through the OMAPI service. For more information, see OMAPI Vendor Stable Interface.
  • As of Android 13-QPR, shared UIDs are deprecated. Users of Android 13 or higher should put the line `android:sharedUserMaxSdkVersion="32"` in their manifest. This entry prevents new users from getting a shared UID. For further information on UIDs, see App signing.
  • Android 13 added support Keystore symmetric cryptographic primitives such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), HMAC (Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code), and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms (including Elliptic Curve, RSA2048, RSA4096, and Curve 25519)
  • Android 13 (API level 33) and higher supports a runtime permission for sending non-exempt notifications from an app. This gives users control over which permission notifications they see.
  • Added per-use prompt for apps requesting access to all device logs, giving users the ability to allow or deny access.
  • introduced the Android Virtualization Framework (AVF), which brings together different hypervisors under one framework with standardized APIs. It provides secure and private execution environments for executing workloads isolated by hypervisor.
  • Introduced APK signature scheme v3.1 All new key rotations that use apksigner use the v3.1 signature scheme by default to target rotation for Android 13 and higher.

Check out our full AOSP release notes and the Android Developer features and changes list.

Android 12

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 12:

  • Android 12 introduces the BiometricManager.Strings API, which provides localized strings for apps that use BiometricPrompt for authentication. These strings are intended to be device-aware and provide more specificity about which authentication types might be used. Android 12 also includes support for under-display fingerprint sensors
  • Support added for under-display fingerprint sensors
  • Introduction of the Fingerprint Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)
  • Support for new Face AIDL
  • Introduction of Rust as a language for platform development
  • The option for users to grant access only to their approximate location added
  • Added Privacy indicators on the status bar when an app is using the camera or microphone
  • Android's Private Compute Core (PCC)
  • Added an option to disable 2G support

Android 11

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. For a list of some of the major security enhancements available in Android 11, see the Android Release Notes.

Android 10

Setiap rilis Android menyertakan puluhan peningkatan keamanan untuk melindungi pengguna. Android 10 menyertakan beberapa peningkatan keamanan dan privasi. Lihat catatan rilis Android 10 untuk mengetahui daftar lengkap perubahan di Android 10.

Keamanan

BoundsSanitizer

Android 10 men-deploy BoundsSanitizer (BoundSan) di Bluetooth dan codec. BoundSan menggunakan sanitizer batas UBSan. Mitigasi ini diaktifkan di tingkat per modul. Hal ini membantu menjaga keamanan komponen penting Android dan tidak boleh dinonaktifkan. BoundSan diaktifkan di codec berikut:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec
  • libaac
  • libxaac

Memori execute-only

Secara default, bagian kode yang dapat dieksekusi untuk biner sistem AArch64 ditandai sebagai khusus eksekusi (tidak dapat dibaca) sebagai mitigasi hardening terhadap serangan penggunaan kembali kode just-in-time. Kode yang menggabungkan data dan kode serta kode yang sengaja memeriksa bagian ini (tanpa memetakan ulang segmen memori terlebih dahulu sebagai dapat dibaca) tidak lagi berfungsi. Aplikasi dengan target SDK Android 10 (API level 29 atau yang lebih tinggi) akan terpengaruh jika aplikasi mencoba membaca bagian kode library sistem yang mengaktifkan memori khusus eksekusi (XOM) di memori tanpa menandai bagian tersebut sebagai dapat dibaca terlebih dahulu.

Akses yang diperluas

Agen tepercaya, mekanisme dasar yang digunakan oleh mekanisme autentikasi tertier seperti Smart Lock, hanya dapat memperpanjang buka kunci di Android 10. Agen percaya tidak dapat lagi membuka kunci perangkat yang terkunci dan hanya dapat membuat perangkat tetap tidak terkunci maksimal empat jam.

Autentikasi wajah

Autentikasi wajah memungkinkan pengguna membuka kunci perangkat hanya dengan melihat bagian depan perangkat. Android 10 menambahkan dukungan untuk stack autentikasi wajah baru yang dapat memproses frame kamera dengan aman, menjaga keamanan dan privasi selama autentikasi wajah di hardware yang didukung. Android 10 juga menyediakan cara mudah untuk implementasi yang mematuhi keamanan guna mengaktifkan integrasi aplikasi untuk transaksi seperti perbankan online atau layanan lainnya.

Sanitasi Integer Overflow

Android 10 mengaktifkan Sanitasi Overflow Bilangan Bulat (IntSan) dalam codec software. Pastikan performa pemutaran dapat diterima untuk codec apa pun yang tidak didukung di hardware perangkat. IntSan diaktifkan di codec berikut:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec

Komponen sistem modular

Android 10 membuat modular beberapa komponen sistem Android dan memungkinkannya diupdate di luar siklus rilis Android normal. Beberapa modul meliputi:

OEMCrypto

Android 10 menggunakan OEMCrypto API versi 15.

Scudo

Scudo adalah allocator memori mode pengguna dinamis yang dirancang agar lebih tahan terhadap kerentanan terkait heap. Library ini menyediakan primitif alokasi dan de-alokasi C standar, serta primitif C++.

ShadowCallStack

ShadowCallStack (SCS) adalah mode instrumentasi LLVM yang melindungi dari penimpaan alamat pengembalian (seperti overflow buffering stack) dengan menyimpan alamat pengembalian fungsi ke instance ShadowCallStack yang dialokasikan secara terpisah dalam prolog fungsi fungsi non-leaf dan memuat alamat pengembalian dari instance ShadowCallStack dalam epilog fungsi.

WPA3 dan Wi-Fi Enhanced Open

Android 10 menambahkan dukungan untuk standar keamanan Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3) dan Wi-Fi Enhanced Open untuk memberikan privasi dan ketahanan yang lebih baik terhadap serangan yang diketahui.

Privasi

Akses aplikasi saat menargetkan Android 9 atau yang lebih rendah

Jika aplikasi Anda berjalan di Android 10 atau yang lebih tinggi, tetapi menargetkan Android 9 (API level 28) atau yang lebih rendah, platform akan menerapkan perilaku berikut:

  • Jika aplikasi Anda mendeklarasikan elemen <uses-permission> untuk ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION atau ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, sistem akan otomatis menambahkan elemen <uses-permission> untuk ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION selama penginstalan.
  • Jika aplikasi Anda meminta ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION atau ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, sistem akan otomatis menambahkan ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION ke permintaan.

Pembatasan aktivitas latar belakang

Mulai Android 10, sistem akan menempatkan batasan pada memulai aktivitas dari latar belakang. Perubahan perilaku ini membantu meminimalkan gangguan untuk pengguna dan memberikan kontrol yang lebih menyeluruh kepada pengguna atas konten yang ditampilkan di layar. Selama aplikasi Anda memulai aktivitas sebagai akibat langsung dari interaksi pengguna, aplikasi Anda kemungkinan besar tidak terpengaruh oleh batasan ini.
Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut alternatif yang direkomendasikan untuk memulai aktivitas dari latar belakang, lihat panduan tentang cara memberi tahu pengguna tentang peristiwa yang peka terhadap waktu di aplikasi Anda.

Metadata kamera

Android 10 mengubah cakupan informasi yang ditampilkan oleh metode getCameraCharacteristics() secara default. Secara khusus, aplikasi Anda harus memiliki izin CAMERA agar dapat mengakses metadata spesifik perangkat yang berpotensi disertakan dalam nilai yang ditampilkan dengan metode ini.
Untuk mempelajari perubahan ini lebih lanjut, lihat bagian tentang kolom kamera yang memerlukan izin.

Data papan klip

Kecuali jika aplikasi Anda adalah editor metode masukan (IME) default atau aplikasi yang saat ini memiliki fokus, aplikasi Anda tidak dapat mengakses data papan klip di Android 10 atau yang lebih tinggi.

Lokasi perangkat

Untuk mendukung kontrol tambahan yang dimiliki pengguna atas akses aplikasi ke informasi lokasi, Android 10 memperkenalkan izin ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION.
Tidak seperti izin ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION dan ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, izin ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION hanya memengaruhi akses aplikasi ke lokasi saat berjalan di latar belakang. Aplikasi dianggap mengakses lokasi di latar belakang kecuali jika salah satu kondisi berikut terpenuhi:

  • Aktivitas milik aplikasi bisa dilihat.
  • Aplikasi menjalankan layanan latar depan yang telah mendeklarasikan jenis layanan latar depan dari location.
    Untuk mendeklarasikan jenis layanan latar depan untuk layanan di aplikasi Anda, tetapkan targetSdkVersion atau compileSdkVersion aplikasi Anda ke 29 atau yang lebih tinggi. Pelajari lebih lanjut cara layanan latar depan dapat melanjutkan tindakan yang dimulai pengguna yang memerlukan akses ke lokasi.

Penyimpanan eksternal

Secara default, aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 10 dan yang lebih tinggi diberi akses terbatas ke penyimpanan eksternal, atau penyimpanan terbatas. Aplikasi semacam ini dapat melihat jenis file berikut dalam perangkat penyimpanan eksternal tanpa perlu meminta izin pengguna terkait penyimpanan:

Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut penyimpanan terbatas, serta cara berbagi, mengakses, dan mengubah file yang disimpan di perangkat penyimpanan eksternal, lihat panduan cara mengelola file di penyimpanan eksternal dan mengakses dan mengubah file media.

Pengacakan alamat MAC

Di perangkat yang menjalankan Android 10 atau yang lebih tinggi, sistem akan secara default mentransmisikan alamat MAC yang diacak.
Jika aplikasi Anda menangani kasus penggunaan perusahaan, platform akan menyediakan API untuk beberapa operasi yang terkait dengan alamat MAC:

  • Mendapatkan alamat MAC acak: Aplikasi pemilik perangkat dan aplikasi pemilik profil dapat mengambil alamat MAC acak yang ditetapkan ke jaringan tertentu dengan memanggil getRandomizedMacAddress().
  • Mendapatkan alamat MAC pabrik yang sebenarnya: Aplikasi pemilik perangkat dapat mengambil alamat MAC hardware sebenarnya dengan memanggil getWifiMacAddress(). Metode ini berguna untuk melacak sejumlah besar perangkat.

ID perangkat yang tidak dapat disetel ulang

Mulai Android 10, aplikasi harus memiliki izin hak istimewa READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE untuk mengakses ID perangkat yang tidak dapat direset, yang mencakup IMEI dan nomor seri.

Jika aplikasi Anda tidak memiliki izin dan Anda mencoba meminta informasi tentang ID yang tidak dapat direset, respons platform akan bervariasi berdasarkan versi SDK target:

  • Jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 10 atau yang lebih tinggi, SecurityException akan terjadi.
  • Jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 9 (API level 28) atau yang lebih rendah, metode ini akan menampilkan null atau data placeholder jika aplikasi memiliki izin READ_PHONE_STATE. Jika tidak, SecurityException akan terjadi.

Pengenalan aktivitas fisik

Android 10 memperkenalkan izin runtime android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION untuk aplikasi yang perlu mendeteksi jumlah langkah pengguna atau mengelompokkan aktivitas fisik pengguna, seperti berjalan kaki, bersepeda, atau bergerak di dalam kendaraan. Izin ini didesain untuk memberikan visibilitas kepada pengguna terkait cara data sensor perangkat digunakan di Setelan.
Beberapa library dalam layanan Google Play, seperti Activity Recognition API dan Google Fit API, tidak memberikan hasil kecuali jika pengguna telah memberikan izin ini kepada aplikasi Anda.
Satu-satunya sensor bawaan di perangkat yang mengharuskan Anda mendeklarasikan izin ini adalah sensor penghitung langkah dan detektor langkah.
Jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 9 (API level 28) atau yang lebih rendah, sistem akan otomatis memberikan izin android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION ke aplikasi Anda, sesuai kebutuhan, jika aplikasi Anda memenuhi setiap kondisi berikut:

  • File manifes menyertakan izin com.google.android.gms.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION.
  • File manifes tidak menyertakan izin android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION.

Jika sistem otomatis memberikan izin android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION, aplikasi Anda akan mempertahankan izin tersebut setelah Anda mengupdate aplikasi untuk menargetkan Android 10. Namun, pengguna dapat mencabut izin ini kapan saja di setelan sistem.

Batasan sistem file /proc/net

Di perangkat yang menjalankan Android 10 atau yang lebih baru, aplikasi tidak dapat mengakses /proc/net, yang mencakup informasi tentang status jaringan perangkat. Aplikasi yang memerlukan akses ke informasi ini, seperti VPN, harus menggunakan class NetworkStatsManager atau ConnectivityManager.

Grup izin dihapus dari UI

Mulai Android 10, aplikasi tidak dapat mencari tahu cara izin dikelompokkan di UI.

Penghapusan afinitas kontak

Mulai Android 10, platform tidak melacak informasi afinitas kontak. Akibatnya, jika aplikasi Anda melakukan penelusuran pada kontak pengguna, hasilnya tidak diurutkan menurut frekuensi interaksi.
Panduan tentang ContactsProvider berisi pemberitahuan yang menjelaskan kolom dan metode tertentu yang sudah tidak digunakan lagi di semua perangkat mulai Android 10.

Akses ke konten layar yang dibatasi

Untuk melindungi konten layar pengguna, Android 10 mencegah akses diam-diam ke konten layar perangkat dengan mengubah cakupan izin READ_FRAME_BUFFER, CAPTURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT, dan CAPTURE_SECURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT. Mulai Android 10, izin ini hanya ditujukan bagi akses tanda tangan.
Aplikasi yang perlu mengakses konten layar perangkat harus menggunakan MediaProjection API, yang menampilkan perintah untuk meminta pengguna memberikan izin.

Nomor seri perangkat USB

Jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 10 atau yang lebih tinggi, aplikasi tidak dapat membaca nomor seri hingga pengguna memberi aplikasi izin untuk mengakses aksesori atau perangkat USB.
Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut cara menggunakan perangkat USB, lihat panduan tentang cara mengonfigurasi host USB.

Wi-Fi

Aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 10 atau yang lebih tinggi tidak dapat mengaktifkan atau menonaktifkan Wi-Fi. Metode WifiManager.setWifiEnabled() selalu menampilkan false.
Jika Anda perlu meminta pengguna untuk mengaktifkan dan menonaktifkan Wi-Fi, gunakan panel setelan.

Batasan akses langsung ke jaringan Wi-Fi yang dikonfigurasi

Untuk melindungi privasi pengguna, konfigurasi manual daftar jaringan Wi-Fi dibatasi untuk aplikasi sistem dan pengontrol kebijakan perangkat (DPC). DPC yang diberikan dapat berupa pemilik perangkat atau pemilik profil.
Jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 10 atau yang lebih tinggi, dan bukan merupakan aplikasi sistem atau DPC, metode berikut tidak akan menampilkan data yang berguna:

Android 9

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. For a list of some of the major security enhancements available in Android 9, see the Android Release Notes.

Android 8

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 8.0:

  • Encryption. Added support to evict key in work profile.
  • Verified Boot. Added Android Verified Boot (AVB). Verified Boot codebase supporting rollback protection for use in boot loaders added to AOSP. Recommend bootloader support for rollback protection for the HLOS. Recommend boot loaders can only be unlocked by user physically interacting with the device.
  • Lock screen. Added support for using tamper-resistant hardware to verify lock screen credential.
  • KeyStore. Required key attestation for all devices that ship with Android 8.0+. Added ID attestation support to improve Zero Touch Enrollment.
  • Sandboxing. More tightly sandboxed many components using Project Treble's standard interface between framework and device-specific components. Applied seccomp filtering to all untrusted apps to reduce the kernel's attack surface. WebView is now run in an isolated process with very limited access to the rest of the system.
  • Kernel hardening. Implemented hardened usercopy, PAN emulation, read-only after init, and KASLR.
  • Userspace hardening. Implemented CFI for the media stack. App overlays can no longer cover system-critical windows and users have a way to dismiss them.
  • Streaming OS update. Enabled updates on devices that are are low on disk space.
  • Install unknown apps. Users must grant permission to install apps from a source that isn't a first-party app store.
  • Privacy. Android ID (SSAID) has a different value for each app and each user on the device. For web browser apps, Widevine Client ID returns a different value for each app package name and web origin. net.hostname is now empty and the dhcp client no longer sends a hostname. android.os.Build.SERIAL has been replaced with the Build.SERIAL API which is protected behind a user-controlled permission. Improved MAC address randomization in some chipsets.

Android 7

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 7.0:

  • File-based encryption. Encrypting at the file level, instead of encrypting the entire storage area as a single unit, better isolates and protects individual users and profiles (such as personal and work) on a device.
  • Direct Boot. Enabled by file-based encryption, Direct Boot allows certain apps such as alarm clock and accessibility features to run when device is powered on but not unlocked.
  • Verified Boot. Verified Boot is now strictly enforced to prevent compromised devices from booting; it supports error correction to improve reliability against non-malicious data corruption.
  • SELinux. Updated SELinux configuration and increased seccomp coverage further locks down the Application Sandbox and reduces attack surface.
  • Library load-order randomization and improved ASLR. Increased randomness makes some code-reuse attacks less reliable.
  • Kernel hardening. Added additional memory protection for newer kernels by marking portions of kernel memory as read-only, restricting kernel access to userspace addresses and further reducing the existing attack surface.
  • APK signature scheme v2. Introduced a whole-file signature scheme that improves verification speed and strengthens integrity guarantees.
  • Trusted CA store. To make it easier for apps to control access to their secure network traffic, user-installed certificate authorities and those installed through Device Admin APIs are no longer trusted by default for apps targeting API Level 24+. Additionally, all new Android devices must ship with the same trusted CA store.
  • Network Security Config. Configure network security and TLS through a declarative configuration file.

Android 6

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 6.0:

  • Runtime Permissions. Apps request permissions at runtime instead of being granted at App install time. Users can toggle permissions on and off for both M and pre-M apps.
  • Verified Boot. A set of cryptographic checks of system software are conducted prior to execution to ensure the phone is healthy from the bootloader all the way up to the operating system.
  • Hardware-Isolated Security. New Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) used by Fingerprint API, Lockscreen, Device Encryption, and Client Certificates to protect keys against kernel compromise and/or local physical attacks
  • Fingerprints. Devices can now be unlocked with just a touch. Developers can also take advantage of new APIs to use fingerprints to lock and unlock encryption keys.
  • SD Card Adoption. Removable media can be adopted to a device and expand available storage for app local data, photos, videos, etc., but still be protected by block-level encryption.
  • Clear Text Traffic. Developers can use a new StrictMode to make sure their app doesn't use cleartext.
  • System Hardening. Hardening of the system via policies enforced by SELinux. This offers better isolation between users, IOCTL filtering, reduce threat of exposed services, further tightening of SELinux domains, and extremely limited /proc access.
  • USB Access Control: Users must confirm to allow USB access to files, storage, or other functionality on the phone. Default is now charge only with access to storage requiring explicit approval from the user.

Android 5

5,0

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 5.0:

  • Encrypted by default. On devices that ship with L out-of-the-box, full disk encryption is enabled by default to improve protection of data on lost or stolen devices. Devices that update to L can be encrypted in Settings > Security .
  • Improved full disk encryption. The user password is protected against brute-force attacks using scrypt and, where available, the key is bound to the hardware keystore to prevent off-device attacks. As always, the Android screen lock secret and the device encryption key are not sent off the device or exposed to any application.
  • Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux . Android now requires SELinux in enforcing mode for all domains. SELinux is a mandatory access control (MAC) system in the Linux kernel used to augment the existing discretionary access control (DAC) security model. This new layer provides additional protection against potential security vulnerabilities.
  • Smart Lock. Android now includes trustlets that provide more flexibility for unlocking devices. For example, trustlets can allow devices to be unlocked automatically when close to another trusted device (through NFC, Bluetooth) or being used by someone with a trusted face.
  • Multi user, restricted profile, and guest modes for phones and tablets. Android now provides for multiple users on phones and includes a guest mode that can be used to provide easy temporary access to your device without granting access to your data and apps.
  • Updates to WebView without OTA. WebView can now be updated independent of the framework and without a system OTA. This allows for faster response to potential security issues in WebView.
  • Updated cryptography for HTTPS and TLS/SSL. TLSv1.2 and TLSv1.1 is now enabled, Forward Secrecy is now preferred, AES-GCM is now enabled, and weak cipher suites (MD5, 3DES, and export cipher suites) are now disabled. See https://developer.android.com/reference/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocket.html for more details.
  • non-PIE linker support removed. Android now requires all dynamically linked executables to support PIE (position-independent executables). This enhances Android's address space layout randomization (ASLR) implementation.
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE improvements. The following libc functions now implement FORTIFY_SOURCE protections: stpcpy(), stpncpy(), read(), recvfrom(), FD_CLR(), FD_SET(), and FD_ISSET(). This provides protection against memory-corruption vulnerabilities involving those functions.
  • Security Fixes. Android 5.0 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members, and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android 4 dan yang lebih lama

Setiap rilis Android menyertakan puluhan peningkatan keamanan untuk melindungi pengguna. Berikut adalah beberapa peningkatan keamanan yang tersedia di Android 4.4:

  • Sandbox Android yang diperkuat dengan SELinux. Android kini menggunakan SELinux dalam mode penerapan. SELinux adalah sistem kontrol akses wajib (MAC) di kernel Linux yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan model keamanan berbasis kontrol akses diskresional (DAC) yang ada. Hal ini memberikan perlindungan tambahan terhadap potensi kerentanan keamanan.
  • VPN Per Pengguna. Di perangkat multi-pengguna, VPN kini diterapkan per pengguna. Hal ini dapat memungkinkan pengguna merutekan semua traffic jaringan melalui VPN tanpa memengaruhi pengguna lain di perangkat.
  • Dukungan Penyedia ECDSA di AndroidKeyStore. Android kini memiliki penyedia keystore yang memungkinkan penggunaan algoritma ECDSA dan DSA.
  • Peringatan Pemantauan Perangkat. Android memberikan peringatan kepada pengguna jika ada sertifikat yang telah ditambahkan ke penyimpanan sertifikat perangkat yang dapat memungkinkan pemantauan traffic jaringan terenkripsi.
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE. Android kini mendukung FORTIFY_SOURCE level 2, dan semua kode dikompilasi dengan perlindungan ini. FORTIFY_SOURCE telah ditingkatkan agar dapat digunakan dengan clang.
  • Penyematan Sertifikat. Android 4.4 mendeteksi dan mencegah penggunaan sertifikat Google yang menipu yang digunakan dalam komunikasi SSL/TLS yang aman.
  • Perbaikan Keamanan. Android 4.4 juga menyertakan perbaikan untuk kerentanan khusus Android. Informasi tentang kerentanan ini telah diberikan kepada anggota Open Handset Alliance dan perbaikan tersedia di Project Open Source Android. Untuk meningkatkan keamanan, beberapa perangkat dengan versi Android yang lebih lama juga dapat menyertakan perbaikan ini.

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements available in Android 4.3:

  • Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux. This release strengthens the Android sandbox using the SELinux mandatory access control system (MAC) in the Linux kernel. SELinux reinforcement is invisible to users and developers, and adds robustness to the existing Android security model while maintaining compatibility with existing apps. To ensure continued compatibility this release allows the use of SELinux in a permissive mode. This mode logs any policy violations, but will not break apps or affect system behavior.
  • No setuid or setgid programs. Added support for filesystem capabilities to Android system files and removed all setuid or setgid programs. This reduces root attack surface and the likelihood of potential security vulnerabilities.
  • ADB authentication. Starting in Android 4.2.2, connections to ADB are authenticated with an RSA keypair. This prevents unauthorized use of ADB where the attacker has physical access to a device.
  • Restrict Setuid from Android Apps. The /system partition is now mounted nosuid for zygote-spawned processes, preventing Android apps from executing setuid programs. This reduces root attack surface and the likelihood of potential security vulnerabilities.
  • Capability bounding. Android zygote and ADB now use prctl(PR_CAPBSET_DROP) to drop unnecessary capabilities prior to executing apps. This prevents Android apps and apps launched from the shell from acquiring privileged capabilities.
  • AndroidKeyStore Provider. Android now has a keystore provider that allows apps to create exclusive use keys. This provides apps with an API to create or store private keys that cannot be used by other apps.
  • KeyChain isBoundKeyAlgorithm. Keychain API now provides a method (isBoundKeyType) that allows apps to confirm that system-wide keys are bound to a hardware root of trust for the device. This provides a place to create or store private keys that can't be exported off the device, even in the event of a root compromise.
  • NO_NEW_PRIVS. Android zygote now uses prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS) to block addition of new privileges prior to execution app code. This prevents Android apps from performing operations that can elevate privileges through execve. (This requires Linux kernel version 3.5 or greater).
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE enhancements. Enabled FORTIFY_SOURCE on Android x86 and MIPS and fortified strchr(), strrchr(), strlen(), and umask() calls. This can detect potential memory corruption vulnerabilities or unterminated string constants.
  • Relocation protections. Enabled read only relocations (relro) for statically linked executables and removed all text relocations in Android code. This provides defense in depth against potential memory corruption vulnerabilities.
  • Improved EntropyMixer. EntropyMixer now writes entropy at shutdown or reboot, in addition to periodic mixing. This allows retention of all entropy generated while devices are powered on, and is especially useful for devices that are rebooted immediately after provisioning.
  • Security fixes. Android 4.3 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android provides a multi-layered security model described in the Android Security Overview. Each update to Android includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements introduced in Android 4.2:

  • App verification: Users can choose to enable Verify Apps and have apps screened by an app verifier, prior to installation. App verification can alert the user if they try to install an app that might be harmful; if an app is especially bad, it can block installation.
  • More control of premium SMS: Android provides a notification if an app attempts to send SMS to a short code that uses premium services that might cause additional charges. The user can choose whether to allow the app to send the message or block it.
  • Always-on VPN: VPN can be configured so that apps won't have access to the network until a VPN connection is established. This prevents apps from sending data across other networks.
  • Certificate pinning: The Android core libraries now support certificate pinning. Pinned domains receive a certificate validation failure if the certificate doesn't chain to a set of expected certificates. This protects against possible compromise of certificate authorities.
  • Improved display of Android permissions: Permissions are organized into groups that are more easily understood by users. During review of the permissions, the user can click on the permission to see more detailed information about the permission.
  • installd hardening: The installd daemon does not run as the root user, reducing potential attack surface for root privilege escalation.
  • init script hardening: init scripts now apply O_NOFOLLOW semantics to prevent symlink related attacks.
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE: Android now implements FORTIFY_SOURCE. This is used by system libraries and apps to prevent memory corruption.
  • ContentProvider default configuration: Apps that target API level 17 have export set to false by default for each Content Provider, reducing default attack surface for apps.
  • Cryptography: Modified the default implementations of SecureRandom and Cipher.RSA to use OpenSSL. Added SSL Socket support for TLSv1.1 and TLSv1.2 using OpenSSL 1.0.1
  • Security fixes: Upgraded open source libraries with security fixes include WebKit, libpng, OpenSSL, and LibXML. Android 4.2 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android provides a multi-layered security model described in the Android Security Overview. Each update to Android includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements introduced in Android versions 1.5 through 4.1:

Android 1.5
  • ProPolice to prevent stack buffer overruns (-fstack-protector)
  • safe_iop to reduce integer overflows
  • Extensions to OpenBSD dlmalloc to prevent double free() vulnerabilities and to prevent chunk consolidation attacks. Chunk consolidation attacks are a common way to exploit heap corruption.
  • OpenBSD calloc to prevent integer overflows during memory allocation
Android 2.3
  • Format string vulnerability protections (-Wformat-security -Werror=format-security)
  • Hardware-based No eXecute (NX) to prevent code execution on the stack and heap
  • Linux mmap_min_addr to mitigate null pointer dereference privilege escalation (further enhanced in Android 4.1)
Android 4.0
Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) to randomize key locations in memory
Android 4.1
  • PIE (Position Independent Executable) support
  • Read-only relocations / immediate binding (-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now)
  • dmesg_restrict enabled (avoid leaking kernel addresses)
  • kptr_restrict enabled (avoid leaking kernel addresses)