Mejoras de seguridad

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Android 14

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 14:

• Hardware-assisted AddressSanitizer (HWASan), introduced in Android 10, is a memory error detection tool similar to AddressSanitizer. Android 14 brings significant improvements to HWASan. Learn how it helps prevent bugs from making it into Android releases, HWAddressSanitizer
• In Android 14, starting with apps that share location data with third-parties, the system runtime permission dialog now includes a clickable section that highlights the app's data-sharing practices, including information such as why an app may decide to share data with third parties.
• Android 12 introduced an option to disable 2G support at the modem level, which protects users from the inherent security risk from 2G's obsolete security model. Recognizing how critical disabling 2G could be for enterprise customers, Android 14 enables this security feature in Android Enterprise, introducing support for IT admins to restrict the ability of a managed device to downgrade to 2G connectivity.
• Added support to reject null-ciphered cellular connections, ensuring that circuit-switched voice and SMS traffic is always encrypted and protected from passive over-the-air interception. Learn more about Android's program to harden cellular connectivity.
• Added support for multiple IMEIs
• Since Android 14, AES-HCTR2 is the preferred mode of filenames encryption for devices with accelerated cryptography instructions.
• Cellular connectivity
• Documentation added for Android Safety Center
• If your app targets Android 14 and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

Check out our full AOSP release notes and the Android Developer features and changes list.

Android 13

Todas las versiones de Android incluyen docenas de mejoras de seguridad para proteger a los usuarios. Estas son algunas de las principales mejoras de seguridad disponibles en Android 13:

• Android 13 incorpora la compatibilidad con la presentación de varios documentos. Esta nueva interfaz de sesión de presentación permite que una app presente varios documentos, algo que no es posible con la API existente. Para obtener más información, consulta el artículo sobre Credencial de identidad.
• En Android 13, los intents que se originan en apps externas se entregan a un componente exportado solo si los intents coinciden con sus elementos de filtros de intents declarados.
• La API de Open Mobile (OMAPI) es una API estándar que se usa para comunicarse con el Elemento seguro de un dispositivo. Antes de Android 13, solo las apps y los módulos del framework tenían acceso a esta interfaz. Si los conviertes en una interfaz estable de proveedor, los módulos HAL también pueden comunicarse con los elementos seguros a través del servicio OMAPI. Para obtener más información, consulta Interfaz estable del proveedor de OMAPI.
• A partir de Android 13-QPR, los UIDs compartidos dejan de estar disponibles. Los usuarios de Android 13 o versiones posteriores deben colocar la línea "android:sharedUserMaxSdkVersion="32" en su manifiesto. Esta entrada evita que los usuarios nuevos obtengan un UID compartido. Para obtener más información sobre los UIDs, consulta Firma de apps.
• Android 13 agregó compatibilidad con primitivas criptográficas simétricas del almacén de claves, como AES (estándar de encriptación avanzada), HMAC (código de autenticación de mensajes con hash de claves) y algoritmos criptográficos asimétricos (incluidas la curva elíptica, RSA2048, RSA4096 y la curva 25519).
• Android 13 (nivel de API 33) y versiones posteriores admiten un permiso de tiempo de ejecución para enviar notificaciones no exentas desde una app. Esto les brinda a los usuarios control sobre las notificaciones de permisos que ven.
• Se agregó un mensaje por uso para las apps que solicitan acceso a todos los registros del dispositivo, lo que les permite a los usuarios permitir o rechazar el acceso.
• presentó el Android Virtualization Framework (AVF), que reúne diferentes hipervisores en un framework con APIs estandarizadas. Proporciona entornos de ejecución seguros y privados para ejecutar cargas de trabajo aisladas por hipervisor.
• Se introdujo el esquema de firma de APK v3.1. Todas las rotaciones de claves nuevas que usan apksigner usan el esquema de firma v3.1 de forma predeterminada para orientar la rotación a Android 13 y versiones posteriores.

Consulta nuestras notas de la versión completas de AOSP y la lista de cambios y funciones de Android Developers.

Android 12

Todas las versiones de Android incluyen docenas de mejoras de seguridad para proteger a los usuarios. Estas son algunas de las principales mejoras de seguridad disponibles en Android 12:

• En Android 12, se introduce la API de BiometricManager.Strings, que proporciona cadenas localizadas para las apps que usan BiometricPrompt para la autenticación. El objetivo de estas cadenas es que reconozcan el dispositivo y proporcionen más detalles sobre los tipos de autenticación que se pueden usar. Android 12 también admite sensores de huellas dactilares debajo de la pantalla.
• Se agregó compatibilidad con sensores de huellas dactilares debajo de la pantalla
• Introducción al Lenguaje de definición de la interfaz de Android (AIDL) con huellas dactilares
• Compatibilidad con el nuevo AIDL de Face
• Introducción de Rust como lenguaje para el desarrollo de plataformas
• Se agregó la opción para que los usuarios otorguen acceso solo a su ubicación aproximada
• Se agregaron indicadores de privacidad en la barra de estado cuando una app usa la cámara o el micrófono.
• Private Compute Core (PCC) de Android
• Se agregó una opción para inhabilitar la compatibilidad con 2G.

Android 11

Todas las versiones de Android incluyen docenas de mejoras de seguridad para proteger a los usuarios. Para ver una lista de algunas de las principales mejoras de seguridad disponibles en Android 11, consulta las Notas de la versión de Android.

Android 10

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Android 10 includes several security and privacy enhancements. See the Android 10 release notes for a complete list of changes in Android 10.

Security

BoundsSanitizer

Android 10 deploys BoundsSanitizer (BoundSan) in Bluetooth and codecs. BoundSan uses UBSan's bounds sanitizer. This mitigation is enabled on a per-module level. It helps keep critical components of Android secure and shouldn't be disabled. BoundSan is enabled in the following codecs:

• libFLAC
• libavcdec
• libavcenc
• libhevcdec
• libmpeg2
• libopus
• libvpx
• libspeexresampler
• libvorbisidec
• libaac
• libxaac

Execute-only memory

By default, executable code sections for AArch64 system binaries are marked execute-only (nonreadable) as a hardening mitigation against just-in-time code reuse attacks. Code that mixes data and code together and code that purposefully inspects these sections (without first remapping the memory segments as readable) no longer functions. Apps with a target SDK of Android 10 (API level 29 or higher) are impacted if the app attempts to read code sections of execute-only memory (XOM) enabled system libraries in memory without first marking the section as readable.

Extended access

Trust agents, the underlying mechanism used by tertiary authentication mechanisms such as Smart Lock, can only extend unlock in Android 10. Trust agents can no longer unlock a locked device and can only keep a device unlocked for a maximum of four hours.

Face authentication

Face authentication allows users to unlock their device simply by looking at the front of their device. Android 10 adds support for a new face authentication stack that can securely process camera frames, preserving security and privacy during face authentication on supported hardware. Android 10 also provides an easy way for security-compliant implementations to enable app integration for transactions such as online banking or other services.

Integer Overflow Sanitization

Android 10 enables Integer Overflow Sanitization (IntSan) in software codecs. Ensure that playback performance is acceptable for any codecs that aren't supported in the device's hardware. IntSan is enabled in the following codecs:

• libFLAC
• libavcdec
• libavcenc
• libhevcdec
• libmpeg2
• libopus
• libvpx
• libspeexresampler
• libvorbisidec

Modular system components

Android 10 modularizes some Android system components and enables them to be updated outside of the normal Android release cycle. Some modules include:

• Android Runtime
• Conscrypt
• DNS Resolver
• DocumentsUI
• ExtServices
• Media
• ModuleMetadata
• Networking
• PermissionController
• Time Zone Data

OEMCrypto

Android 10 uses OEMCrypto API version 15.

Scudo

Scudo is a dynamic user-mode memory allocator designed to be more resilient against heap-related vulnerabilities. It provides the standard C allocation and deallocation primitives, as well as the C++ primitives.

ShadowCallStack

ShadowCallStack (SCS) is an LLVM instrumentation mode that protects against return address overwrites (like stack buffer overflows) by saving a function's return address to a separately allocated ShadowCallStack instance in the function prolog of nonleaf functions and loading the return address from the ShadowCallStack instance in the function epilog.

WPA3 and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open

Android 10 adds support for the Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3) and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open security standards to provide better privacy and robustness against known attacks.

Privacy

App access when targeting Android 9 or lower

If your app runs on Android 10 or higher but targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the platform applies the following behavior:

• If your app declares a <uses-permission> element for either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds a <uses-permission> element for ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION during installation.
• If your app requests either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION to the request.

Background activity restrictions

Starting in Android 10, the system places restrictions on starting activities from the background. This behavior change helps minimize interruptions for the user and keeps the user more in control of what's shown on their screen. As long as your app starts activities as a direct result of user interaction, your app most likely isn't affected by these restrictions.
To learn more about the recommended alternative to starting activities from the background, see the guide on how to alert users of time-sensitive events in your app.

Camera metadata

Android 10 changes the breadth of information that the getCameraCharacteristics() method returns by default. In particular, your app must have the CAMERA permission in order to access potentially device-specific metadata that is included in this method's return value.
To learn more about these changes, see the section about camera fields that require permission.

Clipboard data

Unless your app is the default input method editor (IME) or is the app that currently has focus, your app cannot access clipboard data on Android 10 or higher.

Device location

To support the additional control that users have over an app's access to location information, Android 10 introduces the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission.
Unlike the ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION and ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION permissions, the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission only affects an app's access to location when it runs in the background. An app is considered to be accessing location in the background unless one of the following conditions is satisfied:

• An activity belonging to the app is visible.
• The app is running a foreground service that has declared a foreground service type of location.
  To declare the foreground service type for a service in your app, set your app's targetSdkVersion or compileSdkVersion to 29 or higher. Learn more about how foreground services can continue user-initiated actions that require access to location.

External storage

By default, apps targeting Android 10 and higher are given scoped access into external storage, or scoped storage. Such apps can see the following types of files within an external storage device without needing to request any storage-related user permissions:

• Files in the app-specific directory, accessed using getExternalFilesDir().
• Photos, videos, and audio clips that the app created from the media store.

To learn more about scoped storage, as well as how to share, access, and modify files that are saved on external storage devices, see the guides on how to manage files in external storage and access and modify media files.

MAC address randomization

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, the system transmits randomized MAC addresses by default.
If your app handles an enterprise use case, the platform provides APIs for several operations related to MAC addresses:

• Obtain randomized MAC address: Device owner apps and profile owner apps can retrieve the randomized MAC address assigned to a specific network by calling getRandomizedMacAddress().
• Obtain actual, factory MAC address: Device owner apps can retrieve a device's actual hardware MAC address by calling getWifiMacAddress(). This method is useful for tracking fleets of devices.

Non-resettable device identifiers

Starting in Android 10, apps must have the READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE privileged permission in order to access the device's non-resettable identifiers, which include both IMEI and serial number.

• Build
  • getSerial()
• TelephonyManager
  • getImei()
  • getDeviceId()
  • getMeid()
  • getSimSerialNumber()
  • getSubscriberId()

If your app doesn't have the permission and you try asking for information about non-resettable identifiers anyway, the platform's response varies based on target SDK version:

• If your app targets Android 10 or higher, a SecurityException occurs.
• If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the method returns null or placeholder data if the app has the READ_PHONE_STATE permission. Otherwise, a SecurityException occurs.

Physical activity recognition

Android 10 introduces the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION runtime permission for apps that need to detect the user's step count or classify the user's physical activity, such as walking, biking, or moving in a vehicle. This is designed to give users visibility of how device sensor data is used in Settings.
Some libraries within Google Play services, such as the Activity Recognition API and the Google Fit API, don't provide results unless the user has granted your app this permission.
The only built-in sensors on the device that require you to declare this permission are the step counter and step detector sensors.
If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the system auto-grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission to your app, as needed, if your app satisfies each of the following conditions:

• The manifest file includes the com.google.android.gms.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.
• The manifest file doesn't include the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.

If the system-auto grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission, your app retains the permission after you update your app to target Android 10. However, the user can revoke this permission at any time in system settings.

/proc/net filesystem restrictions

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, apps cannot access /proc/net, which includes information about a device's network state. Apps that need access to this information, such as VPNs, should use the NetworkStatsManager or ConnectivityManager class.

Permission groups removed from UI

As of Android 10, apps cannot look up how permissions are grouped in the UI.

Removal of contacts affinity

Starting in Android 10, the platform doesn't keep track of contacts affinity information. As a result, if your app conducts a search on the user's contacts, the results aren't ordered by frequency of interaction.
The guide about ContactsProvider contains a notice describing the specific fields and methods that are obsolete on all devices starting in Android 10.

Restricted access to screen contents

To protect users' screen contents, Android 10 prevents silent access to the device's screen contents by changing the scope of the READ_FRAME_BUFFER, CAPTURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT, and CAPTURE_SECURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT permissions. As of Android 10, these permissions are signature-access only.
Apps that need to access the device's screen contents should use the MediaProjection API, which displays a prompt asking the user to provide consent.

USB device serial number

If your app targets Android 10 or higher, your app cannot read the serial number until the user has granted your app permission to access the USB device or accessory.
To learn more about working with USB devices, see the guide on how to configure USB hosts.

Wi-Fi

Apps targeting Android 10 or higher cannot enable or disable Wi-Fi. The WifiManager.setWifiEnabled() method always returns false.
If you need to prompt users to enable and disable Wi-Fi, use a settings panel.

Restrictions on direct access to configured Wi-Fi networks

To protect user privacy, manual configuration of the list of Wi-Fi networks is restricted to system apps and device policy controllers (DPCs). A given DPC can be either the device owner or the profile owner.
If your app targets Android 10 or higher, and it isn't a system app or a DPC, then the following methods don't return useful data:

• The getConfiguredNetworks() method always returns an empty list.
• Each network operation method that returns an integer value—addNetwork() and updateNetwork()—always returns -1.
• Each network operation that returns a boolean value—removeNetwork(), reassociate(), enableNetwork(), disableNetwork(), reconnect(), and disconnect()—always returns false.

Android 9

Todas las versiones de Android incluyen docenas de mejoras de seguridad para proteger a los usuarios. Para obtener una lista de algunas de las principales mejoras de seguridad disponibles en Android 9, consulta las Notas de la versión de Android.

Android 8

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 8.0:

• Encryption. Added support to evict key in work profile.
• Verified Boot. Added Android Verified Boot (AVB). Verified Boot codebase supporting rollback protection for use in boot loaders added to AOSP. Recommend bootloader support for rollback protection for the HLOS. Recommend boot loaders can only be unlocked by user physically interacting with the device.
• Lock screen. Added support for using tamper-resistant hardware to verify lock screen credential.
• KeyStore. Required key attestation for all devices that ship with Android 8.0+. Added ID attestation support to improve Zero Touch Enrollment.
• Sandboxing. More tightly sandboxed many components using Project Treble's standard interface between framework and device-specific components. Applied seccomp filtering to all untrusted apps to reduce the kernel's attack surface. WebView is now run in an isolated process with very limited access to the rest of the system.
• Kernel hardening. Implemented hardened usercopy, PAN emulation, read-only after init, and KASLR.
• Userspace hardening. Implemented CFI for the media stack. App overlays can no longer cover system-critical windows and users have a way to dismiss them.
• Streaming OS update. Enabled updates on devices that are are low on disk space.
• Install unknown apps. Users must grant permission to install apps from a source that isn't a first-party app store.
• Privacy. Android ID (SSAID) has a different value for each app and each user on the device. For web browser apps, Widevine Client ID returns a different value for each app package name and web origin. net.hostname is now empty and the dhcp client no longer sends a hostname. android.os.Build.SERIAL has been replaced with the Build.SERIAL API which is protected behind a user-controlled permission. Improved MAC address randomization in some chipsets.

Android 7

Todas las versiones de Android incluyen docenas de mejoras de seguridad para proteger a los usuarios. Estas son algunas de las principales mejoras de seguridad disponibles en Android 7.0:

• Encriptación basada en archivos. La encriptación a nivel de archivo, en lugar de encriptar toda el área de almacenamiento como una sola unidad, aísla y protege mejor a los usuarios y perfiles individuales (como los personales y los de trabajo) en un dispositivo.
• Inicio directo: El inicio directo, habilitado por la encriptación basada en archivos, permite que ciertas apps, como la alarma y las funciones de accesibilidad, se ejecuten cuando el dispositivo está encendido, pero no desbloqueado.
• Inicio verificado. El inicio verificado ahora se aplica de forma estricta para evitar que se inicien dispositivos vulnerados. Admite la corrección de errores para mejorar la confiabilidad contra la corrupción de datos no maliciosa.
• SELinux. La configuración actualizada de SELinux y la mayor cobertura de seccomp bloquean aún más la zona de pruebas de aplicaciones y reducen la superficie de ataque.
• Aleatorización del orden de carga de la biblioteca y ASLR mejorado Un aumento de aleatoriedad provoca que algunos ataques basados en reutilización de código sean menos efectivos.
• Endurecimiento del kernel. Se agregó protección de memoria adicional para kernels más nuevos marcando partes de la memoria del kernel como de solo lectura, lo que restringe el acceso del kernel a las direcciones del espacio de usuario y reduce aún más la superficie de ataque existente.
• Esquema de firma de APK v2. Se introdujo un esquema de firma de archivo completo que mejora la velocidad de verificación y fortalece las garantías de integridad.
• Tienda de AC de confianza. Para que las apps puedan controlar con mayor facilidad el acceso a su tráfico de red seguro, las autoridades certificadoras instaladas por el usuario y las instaladas a través de las APIs de Device Admin ya no son de confianza de forma predeterminada para las apps que se orientan al nivel de API 24 o versiones posteriores. Además, todos los dispositivos Android nuevos deben enviarse con el mismo almacén de AC de confianza.
• Configuración de seguridad de red. Configura la seguridad de la red y TLS a través de un archivo de configuración declarativo.

Android 6

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 6.0:

• Runtime Permissions. Apps request permissions at runtime instead of being granted at App install time. Users can toggle permissions on and off for both M and pre-M apps.
• Verified Boot. A set of cryptographic checks of system software are conducted prior to execution to ensure the phone is healthy from the bootloader all the way up to the operating system.
• Hardware-Isolated Security. New Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) used by Fingerprint API, Lockscreen, Device Encryption, and Client Certificates to protect keys against kernel compromise and/or local physical attacks
• Fingerprints. Devices can now be unlocked with just a touch. Developers can also take advantage of new APIs to use fingerprints to lock and unlock encryption keys.
• SD Card Adoption. Removable media can be adopted to a device and expand available storage for app local data, photos, videos, etc., but still be protected by block-level encryption.
• Clear Text Traffic. Developers can use a new StrictMode to make sure their app doesn't use cleartext.
• System Hardening. Hardening of the system via policies enforced by SELinux. This offers better isolation between users, IOCTL filtering, reduce threat of exposed services, further tightening of SELinux domains, and extremely limited /proc access.
• USB Access Control: Users must confirm to allow USB access to files, storage, or other functionality on the phone. Default is now charge only with access to storage requiring explicit approval from the user.

Android 5

5.0

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 5.0:

• Encrypted by default. On devices that ship with L out-of-the-box, full disk encryption is enabled by default to improve protection of data on lost or stolen devices. Devices that update to L can be encrypted in Settings > Security .
• Improved full disk encryption. The user password is protected against brute-force attacks using scrypt and, where available, the key is bound to the hardware keystore to prevent off-device attacks. As always, the Android screen lock secret and the device encryption key are not sent off the device or exposed to any application.
• Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux . Android now requires SELinux in enforcing mode for all domains. SELinux is a mandatory access control (MAC) system in the Linux kernel used to augment the existing discretionary access control (DAC) security model. This new layer provides additional protection against potential security vulnerabilities.
• Smart Lock. Android now includes trustlets that provide more flexibility for unlocking devices. For example, trustlets can allow devices to be unlocked automatically when close to another trusted device (through NFC, Bluetooth) or being used by someone with a trusted face.
• Multi user, restricted profile, and guest modes for phones and tablets. Android now provides for multiple users on phones and includes a guest mode that can be used to provide easy temporary access to your device without granting access to your data and apps.
• Updates to WebView without OTA. WebView can now be updated independent of the framework and without a system OTA. This allows for faster response to potential security issues in WebView.
• Updated cryptography for HTTPS and TLS/SSL. TLSv1.2 and TLSv1.1 is now enabled, Forward Secrecy is now preferred, AES-GCM is now enabled, and weak cipher suites (MD5, 3DES, and export cipher suites) are now disabled. See https://developer.android.com/reference/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocket.html for more details.
• non-PIE linker support removed. Android now requires all dynamically linked executables to support PIE (position-independent executables). This enhances Android's address space layout randomization (ASLR) implementation.
• FORTIFY_SOURCE improvements. The following libc functions now implement FORTIFY_SOURCE protections: stpcpy(), stpncpy(), read(), recvfrom(), FD_CLR(), FD_SET(), and FD_ISSET(). This provides protection against memory-corruption vulnerabilities involving those functions.
• Security Fixes. Android 5.0 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members, and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android 4 y versiones anteriores

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements available in Android 4.4:

• Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux. Android now uses SELinux in enforcing mode. SELinux is a mandatory access control (MAC) system in the Linux kernel used to augment the existing discretionary access control (DAC) based security model. This provides additional protection against potential security vulnerabilities.
• Per User VPN. On multi-user devices, VPNs are now applied per user. This can allow a user to route all network traffic through a VPN without affecting other users on the device.
• ECDSA Provider support in AndroidKeyStore. Android now has a keystore provider that allows use of ECDSA and DSA algorithms.
• Device Monitoring Warnings. Android provides users with a warning if any certificate has been added to the device certificate store that could allow monitoring of encrypted network traffic.
• FORTIFY_SOURCE. Android now supports FORTIFY_SOURCE level 2, and all code is compiled with these protections. FORTIFY_SOURCE has been enhanced to work with clang.
• Certificate Pinning. Android 4.4 detects and prevents the use of fraudulent Google certificates used in secure SSL/TLS communications.
• Security Fixes. Android 4.4 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Todas las versiones de Android incluyen docenas de mejoras de seguridad para proteger a los usuarios. Las siguientes son algunas de las mejoras de seguridad disponibles en Android 4.3:

• La zona de pruebas de Android se reforzó con SELinux. Esta versión fortalece la zona de pruebas de Android con el sistema de control de acceso obligatorio (MAC) de SELinux en el kernel de Linux. El refuerzo de SELinux es invisible para los usuarios y desarrolladores, y agrega solidez al modelo de seguridad existente de Android, a la vez que mantiene la compatibilidad con las apps existentes. Para garantizar la compatibilidad continua, esta versión permite el uso de SELinux en un modo permisivo. Este modo registra cualquier incumplimiento de la política, pero no dañará las apps ni afectará el comportamiento del sistema.
• No hay programas setuid ni setgid. Se agregó compatibilidad con las capacidades del sistema de archivos a los archivos del sistema de Android y se quitaron todos los programas setuid o setgid. De esta manera, se reduce la superficie de ataque de raíz y la probabilidad de posibles vulnerabilidades de seguridad.
• Autenticación de ADB A partir de Android 4.2.2, las conexiones a ADB se autentican con un par de claves RSA. Esto evita el uso no autorizado de ADB cuando el atacante tiene acceso físico a un dispositivo.
• Restringe Setuid desde apps para Android. La partición /system ahora se activa en nosuid para procesos generados por Zygote, lo cual evita que las apps para Android ejecuten programas setuid. De esta manera, se reduce la superficie de ataque de raíz y la probabilidad de posibles vulnerabilidades de seguridad.
• Limitación de capacidades. El zygote de Android y ADB ahora usan prctl(PR_CAPBSET_DROP) para descartar capacidades innecesarias antes de ejecutar apps. Esto evita que las apps para Android y las que se inician desde el shell adquieran capacidades privilegiadas.
• Proveedor de AndroidKeyStore. Android ahora tiene un proveedor de almacén de claves que permite que las apps creen claves de uso exclusivo. Esto proporciona a las apps una API para crear o almacenar claves privadas que otras apps no pueden usar.
• Llavero isBoundKeyAlgorithm. La API de Keychain ahora proporciona un método (isBoundKeyType) que permite a las apps confirmar que las claves de todo el sistema están vinculadas a una raíz de confianza de hardware para el dispositivo. Esto proporciona un lugar para crear o almacenar claves privadas que no se pueden exportar del dispositivo, incluso en el caso de un compromiso de raíz.
• NO_NEW_PRIVS: Ahora, el zygote de Android usa prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS) para bloquear la adición de privilegios nuevos antes de ejecutar el código de la app. Esto evita que las apps para Android realicen operaciones que puedan elevar privilegios a través de execve. (Esto requiere la versión 3.5 o posterior del kernel de Linux).
• Mejoras de FORTIFY_SOURCE. Se habilitó FORTIFY_SOURCE en Android x86 y MIPS, y se fortalecieron las llamadas strchr(), strrchr(), strlen() y umask(). Esto puede detectar posibles vulnerabilidades de corrupción de memoria o constantes de cadenas sin terminar.
• Protección contra el traslado. Se habilitaron las reubicaciones de solo lectura (relro) para los ejecutables vinculados de forma estática y se quitaron todas las reubicaciones de texto en el código de Android. Esto proporciona una defensa en profundidad contra posibles vulnerabilidades de corrupción de la memoria.
• Se mejoró EntropyMixer. EntropyMixer ahora escribe entropía al finalizar o reiniciar, además de la mezcla periódica. Esto permite retener toda la entropía generada mientras los dispositivos están encendidos y es especialmente útil para los dispositivos que se reinician inmediatamente después del aprovisionamiento.
• Correcciones de seguridad Android 4.3 también incluye correcciones para vulnerabilidades específicas de Android. Los miembros de Open Handset Alliance recibieron información acerca de estas vulnerabilidades y las correcciones están disponibles en el Proyecto de código abierto de Android. Para mejorar la seguridad, es posible que algunos dispositivos con versiones anteriores de Android también incluyan estas correcciones.

Android provides a multi-layered security model described in the Android Security Overview. Each update to Android includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements introduced in Android 4.2:

• App verification: Users can choose to enable Verify Apps and have apps screened by an app verifier, prior to installation. App verification can alert the user if they try to install an app that might be harmful; if an app is especially bad, it can block installation.
• More control of premium SMS: Android provides a notification if an app attempts to send SMS to a short code that uses premium services that might cause additional charges. The user can choose whether to allow the app to send the message or block it.
• Always-on VPN: VPN can be configured so that apps won't have access to the network until a VPN connection is established. This prevents apps from sending data across other networks.
• Certificate pinning: The Android core libraries now support certificate pinning. Pinned domains receive a certificate validation failure if the certificate doesn't chain to a set of expected certificates. This protects against possible compromise of certificate authorities.
• Improved display of Android permissions: Permissions are organized into groups that are more easily understood by users. During review of the permissions, the user can click on the permission to see more detailed information about the permission.
• installd hardening: The installd daemon does not run as the root user, reducing potential attack surface for root privilege escalation.
• init script hardening: init scripts now apply O_NOFOLLOW semantics to prevent symlink related attacks.
• FORTIFY_SOURCE: Android now implements FORTIFY_SOURCE. This is used by system libraries and apps to prevent memory corruption.
• ContentProvider default configuration: Apps that target API level 17 have export set to false by default for each Content Provider, reducing default attack surface for apps.
• Cryptography: Modified the default implementations of SecureRandom and Cipher.RSA to use OpenSSL. Added SSL Socket support for TLSv1.1 and TLSv1.2 using OpenSSL 1.0.1
• Security fixes: Upgraded open source libraries with security fixes include WebKit, libpng, OpenSSL, and LibXML. Android 4.2 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android provides a multi-layered security model described in the Android Security Overview. Each update to Android includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements introduced in Android versions 1.5 through 4.1:

Android 1.5

• ProPolice to prevent stack buffer overruns (-fstack-protector)
• safe_iop to reduce integer overflows
• Extensions to OpenBSD dlmalloc to prevent double free() vulnerabilities and to prevent chunk consolidation attacks. Chunk consolidation attacks are a common way to exploit heap corruption.
• OpenBSD calloc to prevent integer overflows during memory allocation

Android 2.3

• Format string vulnerability protections (-Wformat-security -Werror=format-security)
• Hardware-based No eXecute (NX) to prevent code execution on the stack and heap
• Linux mmap_min_addr to mitigate null pointer dereference privilege escalation (further enhanced in Android 4.1)

Android 4.0

Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) to randomize key locations in memory

Android 4.1

• PIE (Position Independent Executable) support
• Read-only relocations / immediate binding (-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now)
• dmesg_restrict enabled (avoid leaking kernel addresses)
• kptr_restrict enabled (avoid leaking kernel addresses)