安全性增強項目

Android 會持續改善安全性功能和服務。請參閱左側導覽面板中各版本的強化功能清單。

Android 14

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 14:

  • Hardware-assisted AddressSanitizer (HWASan), introduced in Android 10, is a memory error detection tool similar to AddressSanitizer. Android 14 brings significant improvements to HWASan. Learn how it helps prevent bugs from making it into Android releases, HWAddressSanitizer
  • In Android 14, starting with apps that share location data with third-parties, the system runtime permission dialog now includes a clickable section that highlights the app's data-sharing practices, including information such as why an app may decide to share data with third parties.
  • Android 12 introduced an option to disable 2G support at the modem level, which protects users from the inherent security risk from 2G's obsolete security model. Recognizing how critical disabling 2G could be for enterprise customers, Android 14 enables this security feature in Android Enterprise, introducing support for IT admins to restrict the ability of a managed device to downgrade to 2G connectivity.
  • Added support to reject null-ciphered cellular connections, ensuring that circuit-switched voice and SMS traffic is always encrypted and protected from passive over-the-air interception. Learn more about Android's program to harden cellular connectivity.
  • Added support for multiple IMEIs
  • Since Android 14, AES-HCTR2 is the preferred mode of filenames encryption for devices with accelerated cryptography instructions.
  • Cellular connectivity
  • Documentation added for Android Safety Center
  • If your app targets Android 14 and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

Check out our full AOSP release notes and the Android Developer features and changes list.

Android 13

每個 Android 版本都包含數十項安全性強化功能，可保護使用者。以下是 Android 13 提供的一些主要安全性強化功能：

  • Android 13 新增多文件簡報支援功能。這個新的簡報工作階段介面可讓應用程式執行多文件簡報，這是現有 API 無法做到的。詳情請參閱「身分憑證」
  • 在 Android 13 中，只有在意圖與宣告的意圖篩選器元素相符時，系統才會將來自外部應用程式的意圖傳送至匯出的元件。
  • Open Mobile API (OMAPI) 是用於與裝置的安全元素通訊的標準 API。在 Android 13 之前，只有應用程式和架構模組可以存取這個介面。將其轉換為供應商穩定介面後，HAL 模組也能透過 OMAPI 服務與安全元素通訊。詳情請參閱 OMAPI 供應商穩定介面。
  • 自 Android 13-QPR 起，共用 UID 已淘汰。Android 13 以上版本的使用者應在資訊清單中加入 `android:sharedUserMaxSdkVersion="32"` 這行。這項項目可避免新使用者取得共用 UID。如要進一步瞭解 UID，請參閱「應用程式簽署」。
  • Android 13 新增了對 Keystore 對稱式加密編譯原始碼的支援，例如 AES (高級加密標準)、HMAC (金鑰式雜湊訊息驗證碼) 和非對稱式加密編譯演算法 (包括橢圓曲線、RSA2048、RSA4096 和曲線 25519)
  • Android 13 (API 級別 33) 以上版本支援執行階段權限，可用於傳送從應用程式傳送的非豁免通知。這樣一來，使用者就能控制自己看到的權限通知。
  • 針對要求存取所有裝置記錄的應用程式，新增每次使用提示，讓使用者可以允許或拒絕存取權。
  • 推出 Android 虛擬化架構 (AVF)，將不同輔助作業系統整合至單一架構，並提供標準化的 API。它提供安全且私密的執行環境，可執行由虛擬機器人隔離的工作負載。
  • 推出 APK 簽署配置 v3.1。所有使用 apksigner 的新金鑰輪替作業，預設會使用 v3.1 簽署配置，以便針對 Android 13 以上版本進行輪替。

請參閱完整的 AOSP 版本資訊，以及 Android 開發人員的功能和變更清單。

Android 12

每個 Android 版本都包含數十項安全強化功能，可保護使用者。以下列舉 Android 12 的幾項重大安全性強化功能：

  • Android 12 推出了 BiometricManager.Strings API，可為使用 BiometricPrompt 進行驗證的應用程式提供本地化字串。這些字串會考量裝置，並提供更具體的資訊，說明可能使用的驗證類型。Android 12 也支援螢幕下指紋感應器
  • 新增對螢幕下指紋感應器的支援
  • 簡介指紋 Android 介面定義語言 (AIDL)
  • 支援新的 Face AIDL
  • 介紹 Rust 做為平台開發語言
  • 新增使用者選項，只授予大概位置存取權
  • 應用程式使用相機或麥克風時，狀態列會顯示隱私權指標
  • Android 的隱私運算核心 (PCC)
  • 新增停用 2G 支援的選項

Android 11

每個 Android 版本都包含數十項安全性強化功能，可保護使用者。如需 Android 11 中提供的部分主要安全性強化功能清單，請參閱 Android 版本資訊。

Android 10

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Android 10 includes several security and privacy enhancements. See the Android 10 release notes for a complete list of changes in Android 10.

Security

BoundsSanitizer

Android 10 deploys BoundsSanitizer (BoundSan) in Bluetooth and codecs. BoundSan uses UBSan's bounds sanitizer. This mitigation is enabled on a per-module level. It helps keep critical components of Android secure and shouldn't be disabled. BoundSan is enabled in the following codecs:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec
  • libaac
  • libxaac

Execute-only memory

By default, executable code sections for AArch64 system binaries are marked execute-only (nonreadable) as a hardening mitigation against just-in-time code reuse attacks. Code that mixes data and code together and code that purposefully inspects these sections (without first remapping the memory segments as readable) no longer functions. Apps with a target SDK of Android 10 (API level 29 or higher) are impacted if the app attempts to read code sections of execute-only memory (XOM) enabled system libraries in memory without first marking the section as readable.

Extended access

Trust agents, the underlying mechanism used by tertiary authentication mechanisms such as Smart Lock, can only extend unlock in Android 10. Trust agents can no longer unlock a locked device and can only keep a device unlocked for a maximum of four hours.

Face authentication

Face authentication allows users to unlock their device simply by looking at the front of their device. Android 10 adds support for a new face authentication stack that can securely process camera frames, preserving security and privacy during face authentication on supported hardware. Android 10 also provides an easy way for security-compliant implementations to enable app integration for transactions such as online banking or other services.

Integer Overflow Sanitization

Android 10 enables Integer Overflow Sanitization (IntSan) in software codecs. Ensure that playback performance is acceptable for any codecs that aren't supported in the device's hardware. IntSan is enabled in the following codecs:

  • libFLAC
  • libavcdec
  • libavcenc
  • libhevcdec
  • libmpeg2
  • libopus
  • libvpx
  • libspeexresampler
  • libvorbisidec

Modular system components

Android 10 modularizes some Android system components and enables them to be updated outside of the normal Android release cycle. Some modules include:

OEMCrypto

Android 10 uses OEMCrypto API version 15.

Scudo

Scudo is a dynamic user-mode memory allocator designed to be more resilient against heap-related vulnerabilities. It provides the standard C allocation and deallocation primitives, as well as the C++ primitives.

ShadowCallStack

ShadowCallStack (SCS) is an LLVM instrumentation mode that protects against return address overwrites (like stack buffer overflows) by saving a function's return address to a separately allocated ShadowCallStack instance in the function prolog of nonleaf functions and loading the return address from the ShadowCallStack instance in the function epilog.

WPA3 and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open

Android 10 adds support for the Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3) and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open security standards to provide better privacy and robustness against known attacks.

Privacy

App access when targeting Android 9 or lower

If your app runs on Android 10 or higher but targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the platform applies the following behavior:

  • If your app declares a <uses-permission> element for either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds a <uses-permission> element for ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION during installation.
  • If your app requests either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION to the request.

Background activity restrictions

Starting in Android 10, the system places restrictions on starting activities from the background. This behavior change helps minimize interruptions for the user and keeps the user more in control of what's shown on their screen. As long as your app starts activities as a direct result of user interaction, your app most likely isn't affected by these restrictions.
To learn more about the recommended alternative to starting activities from the background, see the guide on how to alert users of time-sensitive events in your app.

Camera metadata

Android 10 changes the breadth of information that the getCameraCharacteristics() method returns by default. In particular, your app must have the CAMERA permission in order to access potentially device-specific metadata that is included in this method's return value.
To learn more about these changes, see the section about camera fields that require permission.

Clipboard data

Unless your app is the default input method editor (IME) or is the app that currently has focus, your app cannot access clipboard data on Android 10 or higher.

Device location

To support the additional control that users have over an app's access to location information, Android 10 introduces the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission.
Unlike the ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION and ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION permissions, the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission only affects an app's access to location when it runs in the background. An app is considered to be accessing location in the background unless one of the following conditions is satisfied:

  • An activity belonging to the app is visible.
  • The app is running a foreground service that has declared a foreground service type of location.
    To declare the foreground service type for a service in your app, set your app's targetSdkVersion or compileSdkVersion to 29 or higher. Learn more about how foreground services can continue user-initiated actions that require access to location.

External storage

By default, apps targeting Android 10 and higher are given scoped access into external storage, or scoped storage. Such apps can see the following types of files within an external storage device without needing to request any storage-related user permissions:

To learn more about scoped storage, as well as how to share, access, and modify files that are saved on external storage devices, see the guides on how to manage files in external storage and access and modify media files.

MAC address randomization

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, the system transmits randomized MAC addresses by default.
If your app handles an enterprise use case, the platform provides APIs for several operations related to MAC addresses:

  • Obtain randomized MAC address: Device owner apps and profile owner apps can retrieve the randomized MAC address assigned to a specific network by calling getRandomizedMacAddress().
  • Obtain actual, factory MAC address: Device owner apps can retrieve a device's actual hardware MAC address by calling getWifiMacAddress(). This method is useful for tracking fleets of devices.

Non-resettable device identifiers

Starting in Android 10, apps must have the READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE privileged permission in order to access the device's non-resettable identifiers, which include both IMEI and serial number.

If your app doesn't have the permission and you try asking for information about non-resettable identifiers anyway, the platform's response varies based on target SDK version:

  • If your app targets Android 10 or higher, a SecurityException occurs.
  • If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the method returns null or placeholder data if the app has the READ_PHONE_STATE permission. Otherwise, a SecurityException occurs.

Physical activity recognition

Android 10 introduces the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION runtime permission for apps that need to detect the user's step count or classify the user's physical activity, such as walking, biking, or moving in a vehicle. This is designed to give users visibility of how device sensor data is used in Settings.
Some libraries within Google Play services, such as the Activity Recognition API and the Google Fit API, don't provide results unless the user has granted your app this permission.
The only built-in sensors on the device that require you to declare this permission are the step counter and step detector sensors.
If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the system auto-grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission to your app, as needed, if your app satisfies each of the following conditions:

  • The manifest file includes the com.google.android.gms.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.
  • The manifest file doesn't include the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.

If the system-auto grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission, your app retains the permission after you update your app to target Android 10. However, the user can revoke this permission at any time in system settings.

/proc/net filesystem restrictions

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, apps cannot access /proc/net, which includes information about a device's network state. Apps that need access to this information, such as VPNs, should use the NetworkStatsManager or ConnectivityManager class.

Permission groups removed from UI

As of Android 10, apps cannot look up how permissions are grouped in the UI.

Removal of contacts affinity

Starting in Android 10, the platform doesn't keep track of contacts affinity information. As a result, if your app conducts a search on the user's contacts, the results aren't ordered by frequency of interaction.
The guide about ContactsProvider contains a notice describing the specific fields and methods that are obsolete on all devices starting in Android 10.

Restricted access to screen contents

To protect users' screen contents, Android 10 prevents silent access to the device's screen contents by changing the scope of the READ_FRAME_BUFFER, CAPTURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT, and CAPTURE_SECURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT permissions. As of Android 10, these permissions are signature-access only.
Apps that need to access the device's screen contents should use the MediaProjection API, which displays a prompt asking the user to provide consent.

USB device serial number

If your app targets Android 10 or higher, your app cannot read the serial number until the user has granted your app permission to access the USB device or accessory.
To learn more about working with USB devices, see the guide on how to configure USB hosts.

Wi-Fi

Apps targeting Android 10 or higher cannot enable or disable Wi-Fi. The WifiManager.setWifiEnabled() method always returns false.
If you need to prompt users to enable and disable Wi-Fi, use a settings panel.

Restrictions on direct access to configured Wi-Fi networks

To protect user privacy, manual configuration of the list of Wi-Fi networks is restricted to system apps and device policy controllers (DPCs). A given DPC can be either the device owner or the profile owner.
If your app targets Android 10 or higher, and it isn't a system app or a DPC, then the following methods don't return useful data:

Android 9

每個 Android 版本都包含數十項安全性強化功能，可保護使用者。如需 Android 9 中提供的部分主要安全性增強功能清單，請參閱 Android 版本資訊。

Android 8

每個 Android 版本都包含數十項安全性強化功能，可保護使用者。以下列舉 Android 8.0 提供的一些主要安全性強化功能：

  • 加密。新增支援在工作資料夾中移除鍵的功能。
  • 驗證開機程序。新增 Android 驗證開機程序 (AVB)。已驗證的 Boot 程式碼庫，可在 AOSP 中新增用於開機載入器的回溯保護機制。建議為 HLOS 提供復原保護機制的啟動載入程式支援。建議使用者必須透過實體互動才能解鎖啟動載入程式。
  • 螢幕鎖定。新增使用防竄改硬體驗證鎖定螢幕憑證的支援功能。
  • KeyStore。針對搭載 Android 8.0 以上版本的所有裝置，必須進行金鑰認證。新增ID 認證支援功能，以改善零接觸註冊程序。
  • 採用沙箱機制。使用 Project Treble 的標準介面，在架構和裝置專屬元件之間，為許多元件提供更嚴密的沙箱。將 seccomp 篩選功能套用至所有不受信任的應用程式，以減少核心的受攻擊面。WebView 目前會在隔離程序中執行，對系統其他部分的存取權非常有限。
  • 核心強化。實作強化的 usercopy、PAN 模擬、啟動後唯讀，以及 KASLR。
  • 使用者空間強化。為媒體堆疊實作 CFI。應用程式疊加層無法再覆蓋系統重要視窗，使用者可以關閉疊加層。
  • 串流 OS 更新。在磁碟空間不足的裝置上啟用更新。
  • 安裝不明應用程式。使用者必須授予權限，才能從非第一方應用程式商店的來源安裝應用程式。
  • 隱私權。每個應用程式和裝置上的每位使用者，都有不同的 Android ID (SSAID) 值。針對網頁瀏覽器應用程式，Widevine 用戶端 ID 會針對每個應用程式套件名稱和網頁來源傳回不同的值。net.hostname 現已空白，且 DHCP 用戶端不再傳送主機名稱。android.os.Build.SERIAL 已改為 Build.SERIAL API，並受到使用者控管的權限保護。改善部分晶片組的 MAC 位址隨機化功能。

Android 7

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 7.0:

  • File-based encryption. Encrypting at the file level, instead of encrypting the entire storage area as a single unit, better isolates and protects individual users and profiles (such as personal and work) on a device.
  • Direct Boot. Enabled by file-based encryption, Direct Boot allows certain apps such as alarm clock and accessibility features to run when device is powered on but not unlocked.
  • Verified Boot. Verified Boot is now strictly enforced to prevent compromised devices from booting; it supports error correction to improve reliability against non-malicious data corruption.
  • SELinux. Updated SELinux configuration and increased seccomp coverage further locks down the Application Sandbox and reduces attack surface.
  • Library load-order randomization and improved ASLR. Increased randomness makes some code-reuse attacks less reliable.
  • Kernel hardening. Added additional memory protection for newer kernels by marking portions of kernel memory as read-only, restricting kernel access to userspace addresses and further reducing the existing attack surface.
  • APK signature scheme v2. Introduced a whole-file signature scheme that improves verification speed and strengthens integrity guarantees.
  • Trusted CA store. To make it easier for apps to control access to their secure network traffic, user-installed certificate authorities and those installed through Device Admin APIs are no longer trusted by default for apps targeting API Level 24+. Additionally, all new Android devices must ship with the same trusted CA store.
  • Network Security Config. Configure network security and TLS through a declarative configuration file.

Android 6

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 6.0:

  • Runtime Permissions. Apps request permissions at runtime instead of being granted at App install time. Users can toggle permissions on and off for both M and pre-M apps.
  • Verified Boot. A set of cryptographic checks of system software are conducted prior to execution to ensure the phone is healthy from the bootloader all the way up to the operating system.
  • Hardware-Isolated Security. New Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) used by Fingerprint API, Lockscreen, Device Encryption, and Client Certificates to protect keys against kernel compromise and/or local physical attacks
  • Fingerprints. Devices can now be unlocked with just a touch. Developers can also take advantage of new APIs to use fingerprints to lock and unlock encryption keys.
  • SD Card Adoption. Removable media can be adopted to a device and expand available storage for app local data, photos, videos, etc., but still be protected by block-level encryption.
  • Clear Text Traffic. Developers can use a new StrictMode to make sure their app doesn't use cleartext.
  • System Hardening. Hardening of the system via policies enforced by SELinux. This offers better isolation between users, IOCTL filtering, reduce threat of exposed services, further tightening of SELinux domains, and extremely limited /proc access.
  • USB Access Control: Users must confirm to allow USB access to files, storage, or other functionality on the phone. Default is now charge only with access to storage requiring explicit approval from the user.

Android 5

5.0

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 5.0:

  • Encrypted by default. On devices that ship with L out-of-the-box, full disk encryption is enabled by default to improve protection of data on lost or stolen devices. Devices that update to L can be encrypted in Settings > Security .
  • Improved full disk encryption. The user password is protected against brute-force attacks using scrypt and, where available, the key is bound to the hardware keystore to prevent off-device attacks. As always, the Android screen lock secret and the device encryption key are not sent off the device or exposed to any application.
  • Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux . Android now requires SELinux in enforcing mode for all domains. SELinux is a mandatory access control (MAC) system in the Linux kernel used to augment the existing discretionary access control (DAC) security model. This new layer provides additional protection against potential security vulnerabilities.
  • Smart Lock. Android now includes trustlets that provide more flexibility for unlocking devices. For example, trustlets can allow devices to be unlocked automatically when close to another trusted device (through NFC, Bluetooth) or being used by someone with a trusted face.
  • Multi user, restricted profile, and guest modes for phones and tablets. Android now provides for multiple users on phones and includes a guest mode that can be used to provide easy temporary access to your device without granting access to your data and apps.
  • Updates to WebView without OTA. WebView can now be updated independent of the framework and without a system OTA. This allows for faster response to potential security issues in WebView.
  • Updated cryptography for HTTPS and TLS/SSL. TLSv1.2 and TLSv1.1 is now enabled, Forward Secrecy is now preferred, AES-GCM is now enabled, and weak cipher suites (MD5, 3DES, and export cipher suites) are now disabled. See https://developer.android.com/reference/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocket.html for more details.
  • non-PIE linker support removed. Android now requires all dynamically linked executables to support PIE (position-independent executables). This enhances Android's address space layout randomization (ASLR) implementation.
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE improvements. The following libc functions now implement FORTIFY_SOURCE protections: stpcpy(), stpncpy(), read(), recvfrom(), FD_CLR(), FD_SET(), and FD_ISSET(). This provides protection against memory-corruption vulnerabilities involving those functions.
  • Security Fixes. Android 5.0 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members, and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android 4 以下版本

每個 Android 版本都包含數十項安全性強化功能，可保護使用者。以下是 Android 4.4 提供的部分安全性強化功能：

  • 使用 SELinux 強化 Android 沙箱。Android 現在會在強制執行模式下使用 SELinux。SELinux 是 Linux 核心中的強制存取控制 (MAC) 系統，用於增強現有的以自由選定存取控制 (DAC) 為基礎的安全性模型。這麼做可提供額外防護，避免潛在的安全漏洞。
  • 每位使用者 VPN：在多使用者裝置上，現在會為每位使用者套用 VPN。這樣一來，使用者就能將所有網路流量都透過 VPN 路由，不會影響裝置上的其他使用者。
  • AndroidKeyStore 中的 ECDSA 供應器支援功能。Android 現在提供可使用 ECDSA 和 DSA 演算法的 KeyStore 供應器。
  • 裝置監控警告。 如果有任何憑證已新增至裝置憑證儲存庫，而該憑證可監控加密網路流量，Android 就會向使用者發出警告。
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE. Android 現在支援 FORTIFY_SOURCE 等級 2，所有程式碼都會採用這些保護機制編譯。FORTIFY_SOURCE 已強化，可與 clang 搭配使用。
  • 憑證綁定Android 4.4 會偵測並防止使用在安全 SSL/TLS 通訊中的詐欺 Google 憑證。
  • 安全性修正項目。Android 4.4 也針對 Android 專屬安全漏洞提供修正程式。我們已將這些安全漏洞的相關資訊提供給 Open Handset Alliance 成員，並在 Android 開放原始碼計畫中提供修正程式。為提升安全性，部分搭載舊版 Android 的裝置也可能包含這些修正項目。

每個 Android 版本都包含數十項安全性強化功能，可保護使用者。以下是 Android 4.3 提供的部分安全性強化功能：

  • 使用 SELinux 強化 Android 沙箱。這個版本強化了 Android 沙箱，使用 Linux 核心中的 SELinux 強制存取控制系統 (MAC)。SELinux 強化功能對使用者和開發人員而言是不可見的，可為現有的 Android 安全性模式增添穩健性，同時維持與現有應用程式的相容性。為確保持續相容性，這個版本允許在寬鬆模式下使用 SELinux。這個模式會記錄任何政策違規情形，但不會導致應用程式中斷或影響系統行為。
  • 沒有 setuid 或 setgid 程式。新增對 Android 系統檔案的檔案系統功能支援，並移除所有 setuid 或 setgid 程式。這麼做可減少根目錄攻擊面，並降低潛在安全漏洞的可能性。
  • ADB 驗證：從 Android 4.2.2 開始，ADB 連線會使用 RSA 金鑰組進行驗證。這樣一來，即使攻擊者可以實際存取裝置，也無法未經授權使用 ADB。
  • 限制 Android 應用程式中的 Setuid。 /system 分區現在會為 Zygote 產生的程序掛載 nosuid，防止 Android 應用程式執行 setuid 程式。這麼做可減少根目錄攻擊面，並降低潛在安全漏洞的可能性。
  • 能力限制。Android zygote 和 ADB 現在會在執行應用程式前使用 prctl(PR_CAPBSET_DROP) 捨棄不必要的功能。這可防止 Android 應用程式和從殼層啟動的應用程式取得特權功能。
  • AndroidKeyStore 供應器。Android 現已提供 KeyStore 供應器，可讓應用程式建立專屬使用金鑰。這會為應用程式提供 API，用於建立或儲存其他應用程式無法使用的私密金鑰。
  • KeyChain isBoundKeyAlgorithm。Keychain API 現在提供一種方法 (isBoundKeyType)，讓應用程式確認系統層級金鑰已繫結至裝置的硬體信任根目錄。這樣一來，您就能建立或儲存私密金鑰，這些金鑰無法從裝置中匯出，即使發生根層遭到入侵的情況也不例外。
  • NO_NEW_PRIVS：Android zygote 現在會使用 prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS)，在執行應用程式程式碼前封鎖新增特權。這可防止 Android 應用程式執行可透過 execve 提升權限的作業。(這需要 Linux 核心版本 3.5 以上版本)。
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE 增強功能。 在 Android x86 和 MIPS 上啟用 FORTIFY_SOURCE，並強化 strchr()、strrchr()、strlen() 和 umask() 呼叫。這可以偵測潛在的記憶體損毀漏洞或未結束的字串常數。
  • 遷移保護措施。為靜態連結的可執行檔啟用唯讀重新安置 (relro)，並移除 Android 程式碼中的所有文字重新安置。這可提供深入防護，對抗潛在的記憶體毀損漏洞。
  • 改善 EntropyMixer。EntropyMixer 除了定期混合外，現在也會在關機或重新啟動時寫入亂數。這可保留裝置開機時產生的所有熵，對於在佈建完畢後立即重新啟動裝置的情況特別實用。
  • 安全性修正項目。Android 4.3 也包含 Android 專屬安全漏洞的修正程式。我們已將這些安全漏洞的相關資訊提供給開放手持裝置聯盟成員，並在 Android 開放原始碼計畫中提供修正程式。為提升安全性，部分搭載舊版 Android 的裝置也可能包含這些修正。

Android 提供多層式安全模型，詳情請參閱「Android 安全性總覽」。每個 Android 更新都包含數十項安全性強化功能，可保護使用者。以下是 Android 4.2 中推出的部分安全性強化功能：

  • 應用程式驗證：使用者可以選擇啟用「驗證應用程式」功能，並在安裝前由應用程式驗證工具篩選應用程式。如果使用者嘗試安裝可能有害的應用程式，應用程式驗證功能就會發出警示；如果應用程式特別有害，這項功能還會封鎖安裝作業。
  • 進一步控管付費簡訊：如果應用程式嘗試傳送簡訊給使用付費服務的簡碼，而該服務可能會產生額外費用，Android 會發出通知。使用者可以選擇是否允許應用程式傳送訊息，或將訊息封鎖。
  • 永久連線的 VPN：您可以設定 VPN，讓應用程式在建立 VPN 連線之前無法存取網路。這可防止應用程式透過其他網路傳送資料。
  • 憑證綁定：Android 核心程式庫現在支援憑證綁定。如果憑證未鏈結至一組預期的憑證，則已固定的網域會收到憑證驗證失敗的通知。這可防範憑證授權單位遭到入侵。
  • 改善 Android 權限的顯示方式：權限會分組，方便使用者瞭解。在審查權限期間，使用者可以按一下權限，查看權限的詳細資訊。
  • 安裝強化功能：installd 守護程序不會以 root 使用者身分執行，從而減少 root 權限提升的潛在攻擊面。
  • 強化初始化指令碼：初始化指令碼現在會套用 O_NOFOLLOW 語意，以防範符號連結相關攻擊。
  • FORTIFY_SOURCE：Android 現在會實作 FORTIFY_SOURCE。系統程式庫和應用程式會使用此值，以防記憶體毀損。
  • ContentProvider 預設設定：針對以 API 級別 17 為目標的應用程式，每個 Content Provider 的 export 預設值為 false，可減少應用程式的預設攻擊面。
  • 密碼編譯：修改 SecureRandom 和 Cipher.RSA 的預設實作項目，以便使用 OpenSSL。使用 OpenSSL 1.0.1 為 TLSv1.1 和 TLSv1.2 新增 SSL 通訊端支援
  • 安全性修正：已升級的開放原始碼程式庫包含 WebKit、libpng、OpenSSL 和 LibXML，並已修復安全性問題。Android 4.2 也包含 Android 專屬漏洞的修正程式。我們已將這些安全漏洞的相關資訊提供給開放手持裝置聯盟成員，並在 Android 開放原始碼專案中提供修正程式。為提升安全性，部分搭載舊版 Android 的裝置也可能包含這些修正。

Android 提供多層式安全模型，詳情請參閱 Android 安全性總覽。每個 Android 更新都包含數十項安全性強化功能，可保護使用者。以下是 Android 1.5 至 4.1 版本中推出的部分安全性強化功能：

Android 1.5
  • 使用 ProPolice 防止堆疊緩衝區溢位 (-fstack-protector)
  • 使用 safe_iop 減少整數溢位
  • OpenBSD dlmalloc 的擴充功能，可防止雙重 free() 漏洞和區塊合併攻擊。因此，攻擊者常會利用堆積毀損問題，發動區塊整合攻擊。
  • OpenBSD calloc，可防止記憶體配置期間整數溢位
Android 2.3
  • 格式字串安全漏洞防護機制 (-Wformat-security -Werror=format-security)
  • 硬體層級的從不執行 (NX) 功能，可防止在堆疊和堆積上執行程式碼
  • 使用 Linux mmap_min_addr 緩解空值指標解參照權限升級問題 (在 Android 4.1 中進一步強化)
Android 4.0
位址空間配置隨機載入 (ASLR)，用於隨機產生記憶體中的關鍵位置
Android 4.1
  • PIE (位置無關可執行檔) 支援
  • 唯讀重新安置 / 立即繫結 (-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now)
  • 啟用 dmesg_restrict (避免洩漏核心位址)
  • 啟用 kptr_restrict (避免核心位址外洩)