Melhorias na segurança

Android 14

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 14:

• Hardware-assisted AddressSanitizer (HWASan), introduced in Android 10, is a memory error detection tool similar to AddressSanitizer. Android 14 brings significant improvements to HWASan. Learn how it helps prevent bugs from making it into Android releases, HWAddressSanitizer
• In Android 14, starting with apps that share location data with third-parties, the system runtime permission dialog now includes a clickable section that highlights the app's data-sharing practices, including information such as why an app may decide to share data with third parties.
• Android 12 introduced an option to disable 2G support at the modem level, which protects users from the inherent security risk from 2G's obsolete security model. Recognizing how critical disabling 2G could be for enterprise customers, Android 14 enables this security feature in Android Enterprise, introducing support for IT admins to restrict the ability of a managed device to downgrade to 2G connectivity.
• Added support to reject null-ciphered cellular connections, ensuring that circuit-switched voice and SMS traffic is always encrypted and protected from passive over-the-air interception. Learn more about Android's program to harden cellular connectivity.
• Added support for multiple IMEIs
• Since Android 14, AES-HCTR2 is the preferred mode of filenames encryption for devices with accelerated cryptography instructions.
• Cellular connectivity
• Documentation added for Android Safety Center
• If your app targets Android 14 and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

Check out our full AOSP release notes and the Android Developer features and changes list.

Android 13

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 13:

• Android 13 adds multi-document presentation support. This new Presentation Session interface enables an app to do a multi-document presentation, something which isn't possible with the existing API. For further information, refer to Identity Credential
• In Android 13, intents originating from external apps are delivered to an exported component if and only if the intents match their declared intent-filter elements.
• Open Mobile API (OMAPI) is a standard API used to communicate with a device's Secure Element. Before Android 13, only apps and framework modules had access to this interface. By converting it to a vendor stable interface, HAL modules are also capable of communicating with the secure elements through the OMAPI service. For more information, see OMAPI Vendor Stable Interface.
• As of Android 13-QPR, shared UIDs are deprecated. Users of Android 13 or higher should put the line `android:sharedUserMaxSdkVersion="32"` in their manifest. This entry prevents new users from getting a shared UID. For further information on UIDs, see App signing.
• Android 13 added support Keystore symmetric cryptographic primitives such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), HMAC (Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code), and asymmetric cryptographic algorithms (including Elliptic Curve, RSA2048, RSA4096, and Curve 25519)
• Android 13 (API level 33) and higher supports a runtime permission for sending non-exempt notifications from an app. This gives users control over which permission notifications they see.
• Added per-use prompt for apps requesting access to all device logs, giving users the ability to allow or deny access.
• introduced the Android Virtualization Framework (AVF), which brings together different hypervisors under one framework with standardized APIs. It provides secure and private execution environments for executing workloads isolated by hypervisor.
• Introduced APK signature scheme v3.1 All new key rotations that use apksigner use the v3.1 signature scheme by default to target rotation for Android 13 and higher.

Check out our full AOSP release notes and the Android Developer features and changes list.

Android 12

Cada versão do Android inclui dezenas de melhorias de segurança para proteger os usuários. Confira algumas das principais melhorias de segurança disponíveis no Android 12:

• O Android 12 apresenta a API BiometricManager.Strings, que fornece strings localizadas para apps que usam BiometricPrompt para autenticação. Essas strings são projetadas para serem compatíveis com o dispositivo e fornecer mais especificidade sobre quais tipos de autenticação podem ser usados. O Android 12 também inclui suporte a sensores de impressão digital abaixo da tela.
• Suporte adicionado para sensores de impressão digital abaixo da tela
• Introdução da Linguagem de definição de interface do Android (AIDL) de impressão digital
• Suporte para a nova Face AIDL
• Introdução do Rust como uma linguagem para desenvolvimento de plataformas
• Adição da opção para que os usuários concedam acesso apenas à localização aproximada
• Adição de indicadores de privacidade na barra de status quando um app está usando a câmera ou o microfone
• Private Compute Core (PCC) do Android
• Adição de uma opção para desativar o suporte a 2G

Android 11

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. For a list of some of the major security enhancements available in Android 11, see the Android Release Notes.

Android 10

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Android 10 includes several security and privacy enhancements. See the Android 10 release notes for a complete list of changes in Android 10.

Security

BoundsSanitizer

Android 10 deploys BoundsSanitizer (BoundSan) in Bluetooth and codecs. BoundSan uses UBSan's bounds sanitizer. This mitigation is enabled on a per-module level. It helps keep critical components of Android secure and shouldn't be disabled. BoundSan is enabled in the following codecs:

• libFLAC
• libavcdec
• libavcenc
• libhevcdec
• libmpeg2
• libopus
• libvpx
• libspeexresampler
• libvorbisidec
• libaac
• libxaac

Execute-only memory

By default, executable code sections for AArch64 system binaries are marked execute-only (nonreadable) as a hardening mitigation against just-in-time code reuse attacks. Code that mixes data and code together and code that purposefully inspects these sections (without first remapping the memory segments as readable) no longer functions. Apps with a target SDK of Android 10 (API level 29 or higher) are impacted if the app attempts to read code sections of execute-only memory (XOM) enabled system libraries in memory without first marking the section as readable.

Extended access

Trust agents, the underlying mechanism used by tertiary authentication mechanisms such as Smart Lock, can only extend unlock in Android 10. Trust agents can no longer unlock a locked device and can only keep a device unlocked for a maximum of four hours.

Face authentication

Face authentication allows users to unlock their device simply by looking at the front of their device. Android 10 adds support for a new face authentication stack that can securely process camera frames, preserving security and privacy during face authentication on supported hardware. Android 10 also provides an easy way for security-compliant implementations to enable app integration for transactions such as online banking or other services.

Integer Overflow Sanitization

Android 10 enables Integer Overflow Sanitization (IntSan) in software codecs. Ensure that playback performance is acceptable for any codecs that aren't supported in the device's hardware. IntSan is enabled in the following codecs:

• libFLAC
• libavcdec
• libavcenc
• libhevcdec
• libmpeg2
• libopus
• libvpx
• libspeexresampler
• libvorbisidec

Modular system components

Android 10 modularizes some Android system components and enables them to be updated outside of the normal Android release cycle. Some modules include:

• Android Runtime
• Conscrypt
• DNS Resolver
• DocumentsUI
• ExtServices
• Media
• ModuleMetadata
• Networking
• PermissionController
• Time Zone Data

OEMCrypto

Android 10 uses OEMCrypto API version 15.

Scudo

Scudo is a dynamic user-mode memory allocator designed to be more resilient against heap-related vulnerabilities. It provides the standard C allocation and deallocation primitives, as well as the C++ primitives.

ShadowCallStack

ShadowCallStack (SCS) is an LLVM instrumentation mode that protects against return address overwrites (like stack buffer overflows) by saving a function's return address to a separately allocated ShadowCallStack instance in the function prolog of nonleaf functions and loading the return address from the ShadowCallStack instance in the function epilog.

WPA3 and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open

Android 10 adds support for the Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3) and Wi-Fi Enhanced Open security standards to provide better privacy and robustness against known attacks.

Privacy

App access when targeting Android 9 or lower

If your app runs on Android 10 or higher but targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the platform applies the following behavior:

• If your app declares a <uses-permission> element for either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds a <uses-permission> element for ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION during installation.
• If your app requests either ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION or ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION, the system automatically adds ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION to the request.

Background activity restrictions

Starting in Android 10, the system places restrictions on starting activities from the background. This behavior change helps minimize interruptions for the user and keeps the user more in control of what's shown on their screen. As long as your app starts activities as a direct result of user interaction, your app most likely isn't affected by these restrictions.
To learn more about the recommended alternative to starting activities from the background, see the guide on how to alert users of time-sensitive events in your app.

Camera metadata

Android 10 changes the breadth of information that the getCameraCharacteristics() method returns by default. In particular, your app must have the CAMERA permission in order to access potentially device-specific metadata that is included in this method's return value.
To learn more about these changes, see the section about camera fields that require permission.

Clipboard data

Unless your app is the default input method editor (IME) or is the app that currently has focus, your app cannot access clipboard data on Android 10 or higher.

Device location

To support the additional control that users have over an app's access to location information, Android 10 introduces the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission.
Unlike the ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION and ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION permissions, the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission only affects an app's access to location when it runs in the background. An app is considered to be accessing location in the background unless one of the following conditions is satisfied:

• An activity belonging to the app is visible.
• The app is running a foreground service that has declared a foreground service type of location.
  To declare the foreground service type for a service in your app, set your app's targetSdkVersion or compileSdkVersion to 29 or higher. Learn more about how foreground services can continue user-initiated actions that require access to location.

External storage

By default, apps targeting Android 10 and higher are given scoped access into external storage, or scoped storage. Such apps can see the following types of files within an external storage device without needing to request any storage-related user permissions:

• Files in the app-specific directory, accessed using getExternalFilesDir().
• Photos, videos, and audio clips that the app created from the media store.

To learn more about scoped storage, as well as how to share, access, and modify files that are saved on external storage devices, see the guides on how to manage files in external storage and access and modify media files.

MAC address randomization

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, the system transmits randomized MAC addresses by default.
If your app handles an enterprise use case, the platform provides APIs for several operations related to MAC addresses:

• Obtain randomized MAC address: Device owner apps and profile owner apps can retrieve the randomized MAC address assigned to a specific network by calling getRandomizedMacAddress().
• Obtain actual, factory MAC address: Device owner apps can retrieve a device's actual hardware MAC address by calling getWifiMacAddress(). This method is useful for tracking fleets of devices.

Non-resettable device identifiers

Starting in Android 10, apps must have the READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE privileged permission in order to access the device's non-resettable identifiers, which include both IMEI and serial number.

• Build
  • getSerial()
• TelephonyManager
  • getImei()
  • getDeviceId()
  • getMeid()
  • getSimSerialNumber()
  • getSubscriberId()

If your app doesn't have the permission and you try asking for information about non-resettable identifiers anyway, the platform's response varies based on target SDK version:

• If your app targets Android 10 or higher, a SecurityException occurs.
• If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the method returns null or placeholder data if the app has the READ_PHONE_STATE permission. Otherwise, a SecurityException occurs.

Physical activity recognition

Android 10 introduces the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION runtime permission for apps that need to detect the user's step count or classify the user's physical activity, such as walking, biking, or moving in a vehicle. This is designed to give users visibility of how device sensor data is used in Settings.
Some libraries within Google Play services, such as the Activity Recognition API and the Google Fit API, don't provide results unless the user has granted your app this permission.
The only built-in sensors on the device that require you to declare this permission are the step counter and step detector sensors.
If your app targets Android 9 (API level 28) or lower, the system auto-grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission to your app, as needed, if your app satisfies each of the following conditions:

• The manifest file includes the com.google.android.gms.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.
• The manifest file doesn't include the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission.

If the system-auto grants the android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION permission, your app retains the permission after you update your app to target Android 10. However, the user can revoke this permission at any time in system settings.

/proc/net filesystem restrictions

On devices that run Android 10 or higher, apps cannot access /proc/net, which includes information about a device's network state. Apps that need access to this information, such as VPNs, should use the NetworkStatsManager or ConnectivityManager class.

Permission groups removed from UI

As of Android 10, apps cannot look up how permissions are grouped in the UI.

Removal of contacts affinity

Starting in Android 10, the platform doesn't keep track of contacts affinity information. As a result, if your app conducts a search on the user's contacts, the results aren't ordered by frequency of interaction.
The guide about ContactsProvider contains a notice describing the specific fields and methods that are obsolete on all devices starting in Android 10.

Restricted access to screen contents

To protect users' screen contents, Android 10 prevents silent access to the device's screen contents by changing the scope of the READ_FRAME_BUFFER, CAPTURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT, and CAPTURE_SECURE_VIDEO_OUTPUT permissions. As of Android 10, these permissions are signature-access only.
Apps that need to access the device's screen contents should use the MediaProjection API, which displays a prompt asking the user to provide consent.

USB device serial number

If your app targets Android 10 or higher, your app cannot read the serial number until the user has granted your app permission to access the USB device or accessory.
To learn more about working with USB devices, see the guide on how to configure USB hosts.

Wi-Fi

Apps targeting Android 10 or higher cannot enable or disable Wi-Fi. The WifiManager.setWifiEnabled() method always returns false.
If you need to prompt users to enable and disable Wi-Fi, use a settings panel.

Restrictions on direct access to configured Wi-Fi networks

To protect user privacy, manual configuration of the list of Wi-Fi networks is restricted to system apps and device policy controllers (DPCs). A given DPC can be either the device owner or the profile owner.
If your app targets Android 10 or higher, and it isn't a system app or a DPC, then the following methods don't return useful data:

• The getConfiguredNetworks() method always returns an empty list.
• Each network operation method that returns an integer value—addNetwork() and updateNetwork()—always returns -1.
• Each network operation that returns a boolean value—removeNetwork(), reassociate(), enableNetwork(), disableNetwork(), reconnect(), and disconnect()—always returns false.

Android 9

Cada versão do Android inclui dezenas de melhorias de segurança para proteger os usuários. Para conferir uma lista de algumas das principais melhorias de segurança disponíveis no Android 9, consulte as Notas da versão do Android.

Android 8

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 8.0:

• Encryption. Added support to evict key in work profile.
• Verified Boot. Added Android Verified Boot (AVB). Verified Boot codebase supporting rollback protection for use in boot loaders added to AOSP. Recommend bootloader support for rollback protection for the HLOS. Recommend boot loaders can only be unlocked by user physically interacting with the device.
• Lock screen. Added support for using tamper-resistant hardware to verify lock screen credential.
• KeyStore. Required key attestation for all devices that ship with Android 8.0+. Added ID attestation support to improve Zero Touch Enrollment.
• Sandboxing. More tightly sandboxed many components using Project Treble's standard interface between framework and device-specific components. Applied seccomp filtering to all untrusted apps to reduce the kernel's attack surface. WebView is now run in an isolated process with very limited access to the rest of the system.
• Kernel hardening. Implemented hardened usercopy, PAN emulation, read-only after init, and KASLR.
• Userspace hardening. Implemented CFI for the media stack. App overlays can no longer cover system-critical windows and users have a way to dismiss them.
• Streaming OS update. Enabled updates on devices that are are low on disk space.
• Install unknown apps. Users must grant permission to install apps from a source that isn't a first-party app store.
• Privacy. Android ID (SSAID) has a different value for each app and each user on the device. For web browser apps, Widevine Client ID returns a different value for each app package name and web origin. net.hostname is now empty and the dhcp client no longer sends a hostname. android.os.Build.SERIAL has been replaced with the Build.SERIAL API which is protected behind a user-controlled permission. Improved MAC address randomization in some chipsets.

Android 7

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 7.0:

• File-based encryption. Encrypting at the file level, instead of encrypting the entire storage area as a single unit, better isolates and protects individual users and profiles (such as personal and work) on a device.
• Direct Boot. Enabled by file-based encryption, Direct Boot allows certain apps such as alarm clock and accessibility features to run when device is powered on but not unlocked.
• Verified Boot. Verified Boot is now strictly enforced to prevent compromised devices from booting; it supports error correction to improve reliability against non-malicious data corruption.
• SELinux. Updated SELinux configuration and increased seccomp coverage further locks down the Application Sandbox and reduces attack surface.
• Library load-order randomization and improved ASLR. Increased randomness makes some code-reuse attacks less reliable.
• Kernel hardening. Added additional memory protection for newer kernels by marking portions of kernel memory as read-only, restricting kernel access to userspace addresses and further reducing the existing attack surface.
• APK signature scheme v2. Introduced a whole-file signature scheme that improves verification speed and strengthens integrity guarantees.
• Trusted CA store. To make it easier for apps to control access to their secure network traffic, user-installed certificate authorities and those installed through Device Admin APIs are no longer trusted by default for apps targeting API Level 24+. Additionally, all new Android devices must ship with the same trusted CA store.
• Network Security Config. Configure network security and TLS through a declarative configuration file.

Android 6

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. Here are some of the major security enhancements available in Android 6.0:

• Runtime Permissions. Apps request permissions at runtime instead of being granted at App install time. Users can toggle permissions on and off for both M and pre-M apps.
• Verified Boot. A set of cryptographic checks of system software are conducted prior to execution to ensure the phone is healthy from the bootloader all the way up to the operating system.
• Hardware-Isolated Security. New Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) used by Fingerprint API, Lockscreen, Device Encryption, and Client Certificates to protect keys against kernel compromise and/or local physical attacks
• Fingerprints. Devices can now be unlocked with just a touch. Developers can also take advantage of new APIs to use fingerprints to lock and unlock encryption keys.
• SD Card Adoption. Removable media can be adopted to a device and expand available storage for app local data, photos, videos, etc., but still be protected by block-level encryption.
• Clear Text Traffic. Developers can use a new StrictMode to make sure their app doesn't use cleartext.
• System Hardening. Hardening of the system via policies enforced by SELinux. This offers better isolation between users, IOCTL filtering, reduce threat of exposed services, further tightening of SELinux domains, and extremely limited /proc access.
• USB Access Control: Users must confirm to allow USB access to files, storage, or other functionality on the phone. Default is now charge only with access to storage requiring explicit approval from the user.

Android 5

5.0

Cada versão do Android inclui dezenas de melhorias de segurança para proteger os usuários. Confira algumas das principais melhorias de segurança disponíveis no Android 5.0:

• Criptografado por padrão. Em dispositivos que vêm com o L out-of-the-box, a criptografia de disco completo é ativada por padrão para melhorar a proteção de dados em dispositivos perdidos ou roubados. Os dispositivos que forem atualizados para L poderão ser criptografados em Configurações > Segurança .
• Melhoria na criptografia de disco completo. A senha do usuário é protegida contra ataques de força bruta usando scrypt e, quando disponível, a chave é vinculada ao keystore de hardware para evitar ataques fora do dispositivo. Como sempre, o segredo de bloqueio de tela do Android e a chave de criptografia do dispositivo não são enviados para fora do dispositivo nem expostos a nenhum aplicativo.
• Sandbox do Android reforçado com o SELinux . O Android agora exige o SELinux no modo de restrição para todos os domínios. O SELinux é um sistema de controle de acesso obrigatório (MAC) no kernel do Linux usado para aumentar o modelo de segurança de controle de acesso discricionário (DAC) existente. Essa nova camada oferece proteção extra contra possíveis vulnerabilidades de segurança.
• Smart Lock. O Android agora inclui trustlets que oferecem mais flexibilidade para desbloquear dispositivos. Por exemplo, os trustlets podem permitir que os dispositivos sejam desbloqueados automaticamente quando estiverem próximos de outro dispositivo confiável (por NFC, Bluetooth) ou sendo usados por alguém com uma face confiável.
• Modos de vários usuários, perfil restrito e visitante para smartphones e tablets. O Android agora oferece suporte a vários usuários em smartphones e inclui um modo visitante que pode ser usado para fornecer acesso temporário fácil ao dispositivo sem conceder acesso aos dados e aos apps.
• Atualizações na WebView sem OTA. Agora, a WebView pode ser atualizada independentemente do framework e sem um OTA do sistema. Isso permite uma resposta mais rápida a possíveis problemas de segurança na WebView.
• Criptografia atualizada para HTTPS e TLS/SSL. Os protocolos TLSv1.2 e TLSv1.1 foram ativados, o Forward Secrecy é a opção preferencial, o AES-GCM foi ativado e os pacotes de criptografia fracos (MD5, 3DES e pacotes de criptografia de exportação) foram desativados. Consulte https://developer.android.com/reference/javax/net/ssl/SSLSocket.html para mais detalhes.
• O suporte para o linker não-PIE foi removido. O Android agora exige que todos os executáveis vinculados dinamicamente ofereçam suporte a PIE (executáveis independentes de posição). Isso melhora a implementação da ordem aleatória do layout do espaço de endereço do Android (ASLR).
• Melhorias no FORTIFY_SOURCE. As seguintes funções libc agora implementam proteções FORTIFY_SOURCE: stpcpy(), stpncpy(), read(), recvfrom(), FD_CLR(), FD_SET() e FD_ISSET(). Isso oferece proteção contra vulnerabilidades de corrupção de memória que envolvem essas funções.
• Correções de segurança. O Android 5.0 também inclui correções para vulnerabilidades específicas do Android. Informações sobre essas vulnerabilidades foram fornecidas aos membros da Open Handset Alliance, e as correções estão disponíveis no Android Open Source Project. Para melhorar a segurança, alguns dispositivos com versões anteriores do Android também podem incluir essas correções.

Android 4 e versões anteriores

Cada versão do Android inclui dezenas de melhorias de segurança para proteger os usuários. Confira a seguir algumas das melhorias de segurança disponíveis no Android 4.4:

• Sandbox do Android reforçado com o SELinux. O Android agora usa o SELinux no modo de restrição. O SELinux é um sistema de controle de acesso obrigatório (MAC) no kernel do Linux usado para aumentar o modelo de segurança baseado em controle de acesso discricionário (DAC). Isso oferece proteção extra contra possíveis vulnerabilidades de segurança.
• VPN por usuário. Em dispositivos multiusuários, as VPNs agora são aplicadas por usuário. Isso permite que um usuário roteie todo o tráfego de rede por uma VPN sem afetar outros usuários no dispositivo.
• Suporte ao provedor ECDSA no AndroidKeyStore. O Android agora tem um provedor de keystore que permite o uso de algoritmos ECDSA e DSA.
• Avisos de monitoramento de dispositivos. O Android mostra um aviso aos usuários se algum certificado tiver sido adicionado à loja de certificados do dispositivo que permita o monitoramento do tráfego de rede criptografado.
• FORTIFY_SOURCE. O Android agora oferece suporte ao nível 2 do FORTIFY_SOURCE, e todo o código é compilado com essas proteções. O FORTIFY_SOURCE foi aprimorado para funcionar com clang.
• Fixação de certificados. O Android 4.4 detecta e impede o uso de certificados fraudulentos do Google usados em comunicações SSL/TLS seguras.
• Correções de segurança. O Android 4.4 também inclui correções de vulnerabilidades específicas do Android. Foram fornecidas informações sobre essas vulnerabilidades aos membros do Open Handset Alliance, e as correções estão disponíveis no Android Open Source Project. Para melhorar a segurança, alguns dispositivos com versões anteriores do Android também podem incluir essas correções.

Cada versão do Android inclui dezenas de melhorias de segurança para proteger os usuários. Confira a seguir algumas das melhorias de segurança disponíveis no Android 4.3:

• Sandbox do Android reforçado com o SELinux. Esta versão fortalece o sandbox do Android usando o sistema de controle de acesso obrigatório (MAC) do SELinux no kernel do Linux. O reforço do SELinux é invisível para usuários e desenvolvedores e aumenta a robustez do modelo de segurança do Android, mantendo a compatibilidade com os apps atuais. Para garantir a compatibilidade contínua, essa versão permite o uso do SELinux em um modo permissivo. Esse modo registra todas as violações de políticas, mas não quebra apps nem afeta o comportamento do sistema.
• Nenhum programa setuid ou setgid. Foi adicionado suporte a recursos do sistema de arquivos aos arquivos do sistema Android e todos os programas setuid ou setgid foram removidos. Isso reduz a superfície de ataque raiz e a probabilidade de possíveis vulnerabilidades de segurança.
• Autenticação do ADB. A partir do Android 4.2.2, as conexões com o ADB são autenticadas com um par de chaves RSA. Isso impede o uso não autorizado do ADB quando o invasor tem acesso físico a um dispositivo.
• Restringir o Setuid de apps Android. A partição /system agora é montada com o flag nosuid para processos gerados por zigotos, impedindo que apps Android executem programas setuid. Isso reduz a superfície de ataque raiz e a probabilidade de possíveis vulnerabilidades de segurança.
• Limite de capacidade. O zygote do Android e o ADB agora usam prctl(PR_CAPBSET_DROP) para descartar recursos desnecessários antes de executar apps. Isso impede que apps Android e apps iniciados pelo shell adquiram recursos privilegiados.
• Provedor AndroidKeyStore. O Android agora tem um provedor de keystore que permite que os apps criem chaves de uso exclusivo. Isso fornece aos apps uma API para criar ou armazenar chaves privadas que não podem ser usadas por outros apps.
• KeyChain isBoundKeyAlgorithm. A API Keychain agora oferece um método (isBoundKeyType) que permite que os apps confirmem que as chaves do sistema estão vinculadas a uma raiz de hardware confiável para o dispositivo. Isso fornece um local para criar ou armazenar chaves privadas que não podem ser exportadas do dispositivo, mesmo em caso de comprometimento da raiz.
• NO_NEW_PRIVS. O zygote do Android agora usa prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS) para bloquear a adição de novos privilégios antes da execução do código do app. Isso impede que os apps Android realizem operações que podem elevar privilégios pelo execve. Isso requer a versão 3.5 ou mais recente do kernel do Linux.
• Melhorias no FORTIFY_SOURCE. FORTIFY_SOURCE foi ativado no Android x86 e MIPS e foram fortalecidas as chamadas strchr(), strrchr(), strlen() e umask(). Isso pode detectar possíveis vulnerabilidades de corrupção de memória ou constantes de string não terminadas.
• Proteções de realocação. Relocações somente leitura (relro) foram ativadas para executáveis vinculados de forma estática e todas as relocalizações de texto foram removidas do código do Android. Isso fornece uma defesa em profundidade contra possíveis vulnerabilidades de corrupção de memória.
• Melhorias no EntropyMixer. O EntropyMixer agora grava entropia no desligamento ou reinicialização, além de misturas periódicas. Isso permite a retenção de toda a entropia gerada enquanto os dispositivos estão ligados, e é especialmente útil para dispositivos reiniciados imediatamente após o provisionamento.
• Correções de segurança. O Android 4.3 também inclui correções de vulnerabilidades específicas do Android. Foram fornecidas informações sobre essas vulnerabilidades aos membros do Open Handset Alliance, e as correções estão disponíveis no Android Open Source Project. Para melhorar a segurança, alguns dispositivos com versões anteriores do Android também podem incluir essas correções.

Android provides a multi-layered security model described in the Android Security Overview. Each update to Android includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements introduced in Android 4.2:

• App verification: Users can choose to enable Verify Apps and have apps screened by an app verifier, prior to installation. App verification can alert the user if they try to install an app that might be harmful; if an app is especially bad, it can block installation.
• More control of premium SMS: Android provides a notification if an app attempts to send SMS to a short code that uses premium services that might cause additional charges. The user can choose whether to allow the app to send the message or block it.
• Always-on VPN: VPN can be configured so that apps won't have access to the network until a VPN connection is established. This prevents apps from sending data across other networks.
• Certificate pinning: The Android core libraries now support certificate pinning. Pinned domains receive a certificate validation failure if the certificate doesn't chain to a set of expected certificates. This protects against possible compromise of certificate authorities.
• Improved display of Android permissions: Permissions are organized into groups that are more easily understood by users. During review of the permissions, the user can click on the permission to see more detailed information about the permission.
• installd hardening: The installd daemon does not run as the root user, reducing potential attack surface for root privilege escalation.
• init script hardening: init scripts now apply O_NOFOLLOW semantics to prevent symlink related attacks.
• FORTIFY_SOURCE: Android now implements FORTIFY_SOURCE. This is used by system libraries and apps to prevent memory corruption.
• ContentProvider default configuration: Apps that target API level 17 have export set to false by default for each Content Provider, reducing default attack surface for apps.
• Cryptography: Modified the default implementations of SecureRandom and Cipher.RSA to use OpenSSL. Added SSL Socket support for TLSv1.1 and TLSv1.2 using OpenSSL 1.0.1
• Security fixes: Upgraded open source libraries with security fixes include WebKit, libpng, OpenSSL, and LibXML. Android 4.2 also includes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about these vulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members and fixes are available in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some devices with earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

Android provides a multi-layered security model described in the Android Security Overview. Each update to Android includes dozens of security enhancements to protect users. The following are some of the security enhancements introduced in Android versions 1.5 through 4.1:

Android 1.5

• ProPolice to prevent stack buffer overruns (-fstack-protector)
• safe_iop to reduce integer overflows
• Extensions to OpenBSD dlmalloc to prevent double free() vulnerabilities and to prevent chunk consolidation attacks. Chunk consolidation attacks are a common way to exploit heap corruption.
• OpenBSD calloc to prevent integer overflows during memory allocation

Android 2.3

• Format string vulnerability protections (-Wformat-security -Werror=format-security)
• Hardware-based No eXecute (NX) to prevent code execution on the stack and heap
• Linux mmap_min_addr to mitigate null pointer dereference privilege escalation (further enhanced in Android 4.1)

Android 4.0

Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) to randomize key locations in memory

Android 4.1

• PIE (Position Independent Executable) support
• Read-only relocations / immediate binding (-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now)
• dmesg_restrict enabled (avoid leaking kernel addresses)
• kptr_restrict enabled (avoid leaking kernel addresses)