This article describes sample rate conversion, also known as resampling, within Android. For terminology related to sample rate conversion, see Terminology.
Sample rate conversion is the process of changing a stream of discrete samples from one sample rate to another stream at a different sample rate. A sample rate converter, or resampler, is a module that implements sample rate conversion. With respect to the resampler, the original stream is called the source signal, and the resampled stream is called the sink signal.
Resamplers are used in several places in Android. For example, an MP3 file may be encoded at 44.1 kHz sample rate but needs to be played back on an Android device supporting 48 kHz audio internally. In that case, a resampler would be used to upsample the MP3 output audio from 44.1 kHz source sample rate to a 48 kHz sink sample rate used within the Android device.
The characteristics of a resampler can be expressed using metrics, including:
- degree of preservation of the overall amplitude of the signal
- degree of preservation of the frequency bandwidth of the signal, subject to limitations of the sink sample rate
- overall latency through the resampler
- consistent phase and group delay with respect to frequency
- computational complexity, expressed in CPU cycles or power draw
- permitted ratios of source and sink sample rates
- ability to dynamically change sample rate ratios
- which digital audio sample formats are supported
The ideal resampler would exactly preserve the source signal's amplitude and frequency bandwidth (subject to limitations of the sink sample rate), have minimal and consistent delay, have minimal computational complexity, permit arbitrary and dynamic conversion ratios, and support all common digital audio sample formats. In practice, ideal resamplers do not exist as actual resamplers are a compromise among these characteristics. For example, goals of ideal quality conflict with short delay and low complexity.
Android includes a variety of audio resamplers, so that appropriate compromises can be made depending on the application use case and load. The available resamplers are explained in Resampler implementation.
Resampler implementations
Available resampler implementations change frequently, and may be customized by OEMs. The default resamplers, in descending order of signal distortion and ascending order of computational complexity, include:
- linear
- cubic
- sinc with original coefficients
- sinc with revised coefficients
In general, the sinc resamplers are more appropriate for higher-quality music playback, and the other resamplers should be reserved for cases where quality is less important (an example might be "key clicks" or similar).
The specific resampler implementation selected depends on
the use case, load, and the value of system property
af.resampler.quality. For details,
consult the audio resampler source code in
AudioFlinger.