[[["เข้าใจง่าย","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["แก้ปัญหาของฉันได้","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["อื่นๆ","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["ไม่มีข้อมูลที่ฉันต้องการ","missingTheInformationINeed","thumb-down"],["ซับซ้อนเกินไป/มีหลายขั้นตอนมากเกินไป","tooComplicatedTooManySteps","thumb-down"],["ล้าสมัย","outOfDate","thumb-down"],["ปัญหาเกี่ยวกับการแปล","translationIssue","thumb-down"],["ตัวอย่าง/ปัญหาเกี่ยวกับโค้ด","samplesCodeIssue","thumb-down"],["อื่นๆ","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["อัปเดตล่าสุด 2025-07-27 UTC"],[],[],null,["# Trust on First Use (TOFU)\n\nFor devices running Android 13 or higher, Android\nsupports the Trust on First Use (TOFU) authentication approach\n([RFC7435](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7435.html)),\nwhich lets users trust an enterprise (EAP) network by installing the root CA\nused by the server and setting its domain name in a saved network. TOFU allows\nthe device to obtain an unauthenticated public key when a user first connects\nto an enterprise network and retain the key for subsequent connections.\n\nBackground\n----------\n\nCompared to personal networks that just require a password, enterprise networks\nuse public key infrastructure (PKI) authentication, which requires the client\nto preinstall certificates. In Android 11 or lower, users can select the\n*Do not validate* option for the server CA certificate in the network settings,\nbypassing the validation of the server side certificate. However, to strengthen\nsecurity and comply with the WPA R2 specification, Android 12 introduced a\nrequirement for enterprise networks to have server certificate validation. This\nadditional requirement created a barrier for users as they need to install a CA\ncertificate for such networks. TOFU provides a way for users to connect to a\nPKI-based enterprise network by simply accepting its root CA.\n\nFeature behavior\n----------------\n\nDevices that support TOFU display the following behavior when a user connects\nto an enterprise network that doesn't have an *already-installed*\nauthenticated public key.\n\n### Connect to new network through Wi-Fi picker\n\n1. Select a new enterprise network in Wi-Fi picker.\n\n The device displays a dialog (Figure 1) to confirm whether the\n network is trusted.\n2. Tap **Yes, connect** to accept the network connection, or tap **No, don't\n connect** to decline.\n\n - If you tap **Yes, connect**, the device automatically configures the\n security parameters, connects to the network, and enables autoconnect\n for the network.\n\n | **Note:** Misconfigured networks that use invalid or expired certificates might not allow any security validation by the device. In such cases, the device fails to connect to the network.\n - If you tap **No, don't connect**, the device disconnects from the\n network and disables autoconnect for the network.\n\n **Figure 1.** Dialog for the TOFU feature\n\n### Connect to existing network with autoconnect enabled\n\nWhen connecting to an enterprise network that has autoconnect enabled but\ndoesn't have a valid CA certificate, the device connects automatically, then\ndisplays a sticky (nondismissable) notification.\n\n1. Tap the notification.\n\n The device displays a dialog (Figure 1) to confirm whether the\n network is trusted.\n2. Tap **Yes, connect** to accept the network connection, or tap **No, don't\n connect** to decline.\n\n - If you tap **Yes, connect**, the device automatically configures the\n security parameters, connects to the network, and enables autoconnect\n for the network.\n\n | **Note:** Misconfigured networks that use invalid or expired certificates might not allow any security validation by the device. In such cases, the device fails to connect to the network.\n - If you tap **No, don't connect**, the device disconnects from the\n network and disables autoconnect for the network.\n\nImplementation\n--------------\n\nTo support the TOFU feature, implement the supplicant HALs provided in the\nAndroid Open Source Project (AOSP) at\n[`/hardware/interfaces/wifi/supplicant/aidl/android/hardware/wifi/supplicant`](https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/android-latest-release:hardware/interfaces/wifi/supplicant/aidl/android/hardware/wifi/supplicant).\n\nThe following public APIs are available in Android 13\nfor use by apps:\n\n- [`WifiManager#isTrustOnFirstUseSupported()`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/wifi/WifiManager#isTrustOnFirstUseSupported()): Indicates whether the device supports TOFU.\n- [`WifiEnterpriseConfig#enableTrustOnFirstUse(boolean)`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/wifi/WifiEnterpriseConfig#enableTrustOnFirstUse(boolean)): Enables TOFU.\n- [`WifiEnterpriseConfig#isTrustOnFirstUseEnabled()`](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/wifi/WifiEnterpriseConfig#isTrustOnFirstUseEnabled()): Indicates whether TOFU is enabled.\n\nValidation\n----------\n\nTo validate the implementation of TOFU on your device, use the following tests:\n\n- CTS: `CtsWifiTestCases`\n- VTS: `VtsHalWifiSupplicantStaNetworkTargetTest`"]]
