Android 12 기능은 4.19 커널로 백포팅될 수 없습니다. 기능 세트는 Android 11에서 4.19로 출시되고 Android 12로 업그레이드된 기기와 유사합니다.
일반 커널 이미지(GKI) 커널
5.10 이상의 ACK 커널(aarch64만 해당됨) GKI 커널은 다음 두 부분으로 구성됩니다.
일반 커널 - 모든 기기에서 공통으로 사용하는 GKI 커널의 일부분입니다.
GKI 모듈 - 관련 기기에 동적으로 로드할 수 있도록 Google에서 빌드한 커널 모듈입니다. 이러한 모듈은 GKI 커널의 아티팩트로 빌드되며 GKI와 함께 system_dlkm_staging_archive.tar.gz 보관 파일로 제공됩니다. GKI 모듈은 커널 빌드 시간 키 쌍을 사용하여 Google에서 서명하며 함께 빌드된 GKI 커널과만 호환됩니다.
이 페이지에 나와 있는 콘텐츠와 코드 샘플에는 콘텐츠 라이선스에서 설명하는 라이선스가 적용됩니다. 자바 및 OpenJDK는 Oracle 및 Oracle 계열사의 상표 또는 등록 상표입니다.
최종 업데이트: 2025-07-27(UTC)
[[["이해하기 쉬움","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["문제가 해결됨","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["기타","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["필요한 정보가 없음","missingTheInformationINeed","thumb-down"],["너무 복잡함/단계 수가 너무 많음","tooComplicatedTooManySteps","thumb-down"],["오래됨","outOfDate","thumb-down"],["번역 문제","translationIssue","thumb-down"],["샘플/코드 문제","samplesCodeIssue","thumb-down"],["기타","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["최종 업데이트: 2025-07-27(UTC)"],[],[],null,["# Kernel overview\n\nThe Android kernel is based on an upstream\n[Linux Long Term Supported (LTS) kernel](https://www.kernel.org/category/lts). At Google, LTS kernels are combined\nwith Android-specific patches to form *Android Common Kernels (ACKs)*.\n\nACKs are built from the [kernel/common](https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/common) repository. This repository is a\nsuperset of the upstream Linux kernel, with additional Android-specific patches.\n\nACKs that are 5.10 and higher are also known as \\*generic kernel images (GKI)\nkernels. GKI kernels support the separation of the hardware-agnostic *generic\ncore kernel* code and [GKI modules](/docs/core/architecture/kernel/modules#gki-modules) from hardware-specific\n[vendor modules](/docs/core/architecture/kernel/modules#vendor-modules).\n\nThe interaction between the GKI kernel and vendor modules is enabled by the\n*Kernel Module Interface (KMI)* consisting of symbol lists identifying the\nfunctions and global data required by vendor modules. Figure 1 shows the GKI\nkernel and vendor module architecture:\n\n**Figure 1.** GKI kernel and vendor module architecture.\n| **Note:** The GKI kernel, GKI module, and vendor module architecture is the result of a multi-year effort known as the Generic Kernel Image (GKI) project. For information about this project and its phases, refer to [The Generic Kernel Image (GKI) project](/docs/core/architecture/kernel/generic-kernel-image).\n| **Note:** Kernels are referred to by their platform version followed by a kernel version. For example, `android15-6.6` is kernel for Android 15 with a version of `6.6`.\n\nKernel glossary\n---------------\n\nFollowing are terms used throughout the kernel documentation.\n\n### Kernel types\n\n*Android Common Kernel (ACK)*\n: A kernel that is downstream of a LTS kernel and includes patches that are\n important to the Android community. These patches haven't been merged into\n Linux mainline or Long Term GKI kernels.\n\nKernel with versions of 5.10 and higher are also referred to as\n[Generic Kernel Image (GKI)](#gkik) kernels.\n\n*Android Open Source Project (AOSP) kernel*\n: See [Android Common Kernel](#ack).\n\nAndroid 12 features can't be backported to 4.19 kernels; the feature set would\nbe similar to a device that launched with 4.19 on Android 11 and upgraded to\nAndroid 12.\n\n*Generic Kernel Image (GKI) kernel*\n\n: Any 5.10 and higher [ACK kernel](#ack)(aarch64 only). The GKI kernel has these\n two parts:\n\n - *Generic kernel* - The portion of the GKI kernel that is common across\n all devices.\n\n - *GKI modules* - Kernel modules built by Google that can be dynamically\n loaded on devices where applicable. These modules are built as artifacts\n of the GKI kernel and are delivered alongside GKI as the\n `system_dlkm_staging_archive.tar.gz` archive. GKI modules are signed by\n Google using the kernel build time key pair and are compatible only with the\n GKI kernel that they're built with.\n\n*Kernel Module Interface (KMI) kernel*\n\n: See [GKI kernel](#gkik).\n\n*Long Term Supported (LTS) kernel*\n\n: A Linux kernel that's supported for 2 to 6 years. [LTS kernels](https://www.kernel.org/category/lts) are\n released once per year and are the basis for each of Google's\n [Android Common Kernels](#ack).\n\n### Branch types\n\n*ACK KMI kernel branch*\n: The branch for which [GKI kernels](#gkik) are built. Branch names correspond\n to kernel versions, such as `android15-6.6`.\n\n*Android-mainline*\n: The primary development branch for Android features. When a new\n [LTS kernel](#lts) is declared upstream, the corresponding new\n [GKI kernel](#gkik)GKI kernel is branched from android-mainline.\n\n*Linux mainline*\n:The primary development branch for the upstream Linux kernels, including LTS\nkernels.\n\n### Other terms\n\n*Certified boot image*\n: The kernel delivered in binary form (`boot.img`) and flashed onto the device.\n This image is considered certified because contains embedded certificates so\n Google can verify that the device ships with a kernel certified by Google.\n\n*Dynamically loadable kernel module (DLKM)*\n: A module that can be dynamically loaded during device boot depending on the\n needs of the device. GKI and vendor modules are both types of DLKMs. DLKMs are\n released in `.ko` form and can be drivers or can deliver other kernel\n functionality.\n\n*GKI project*\n: A Google project addressing kernel fragmentation by separating common core\n kernel functionality from vendor-specific SoC and board support into loadable\n modules.\n\n*Generic Kernel Image (GKI)*\n:A boot image certified by Google that contains a [GKI kernel](#gkik) built from\nan [ACK](#ack) source tree and is suitable to be flashed to the boot partition\nof an Android-powered device.\n\n*Kernel Module Interface (KMI)*\n: An interface between the [GKI kernel](#gkik) and vendor modules allowing\n vendor modules to be updated independently of the GKI kernel. This interface\n consists of kernel functions and global data that have been identified as\n vendor/OEM dependencies using per-partner symbol lists.\n\n*Vendor module*\n: A hardware-specific module developed by a partner and that contains SoC and\n device-specific functionality. A vendor module is a type of dynamically loadable\n kernel module.\n\nWhat's next\n-----------\n\nIf you're new to Android kernel development, start by reading the\nfollowing:\n\n- [Long Term Stable Kernels](/docs/core/architecture/kernel/releases) - Background on upstream LTS kernels which feed into ACKs.\n- [Android Common Kernels](/docs/core/architecture/kernel/android-common) - Background on ACKs.\n\nIf you're new to GKI kernel development, start by reading\n[GKI development](/docs/core/architecture/kernel/gki-dev)."]]
